Tuesday, March 31, 2026

April Fools Day, April 1, 2026 Beware! Don’t Fall into the Modus Operandi of Opportunists and Rogues

  Don’t Fall into the Modus Operandi  of Opportunists and Rogues

Dr Abe V Rotor 

Beware. Don’t fall victim to impostors, opportunists and rogues. These are ten tips to protect yourself and other people.

1. Have presence of mind always.
2. Don’t be too confident and trusting.
3. Avoid unlikely places and hour of the day.
4. It is good to be with somebody or group you know.
5. Distance yourself from suspecting characters.
6. Dress simply and leave your valuables at home.
7. Screen and limit access of personal information about you.
8. Be prepared for contingencies. Be security-conscious always.
9. Keep emergency phone numbers and addresses ready at fingertips.
10. Attend seminars and workshops on safety and security.

I am writing this article from fresh memory of an incident in which I am a victim. I must admit I violated Rules 1, 2, 3 and 7 in the above list.

First I was too trusting and confident in welcoming a “new found relative” – one Mario B. Rotor, incoming president of “The Leagues of Young Educators of Regions I and II.” (See hand written note of the impostor.) Through phone call, my wife endorsed this person to see me at UST where I was holding classes. (He had introduced himself on the phone, first to my daughter, then to my wife, picking up information in the process.)

Second, with this added information beefing up his readings and researches about me, he was ready to meet me finally – “his successful ‘uncle’ whom he had been longing to meet personally.” When I met him he practically knew me from head to foot, giving me a genuine impression about him as a new found nephew. I remember Mark Twain’s “Tom Sawyer” and “Huckleberry Finn”. Quite similar to the story of the swindlers in these novels, he started greeting me “uncle”, with music in his voice and familiarity in ambiance.

The third rule I broke is that I was totally unsuspecting. And this is when opportunists strike. He came on a Saturday, just after noon time, met me at the entrance of the graduate school, greeted the security guard and everyone else, with profuse courtesy. I led him to my classroom where I was going to give final examination. He waited until I finished giving the instruction and questionnaire. I entertained him at the corridor.

“Thank you for accepting our invitation to be our inducting officer and guest of honor,” he said, handing me the invitation, which has yet to be printed. “I’ll come back to give you the final copy, with your permission to print your name.” He told me how happy our relatives in the province are about me, that he is thankful to auntie (my wife) for arranging for this meeting.

“Why it’s an honor!” I answered. Who would not like to meet friends from both the Ilocos and Cagayan Valley where I was assigned for many years when I was regional director of then National Grains Authority. “I am sorry for the short notice,” he said. It will be at the National Defense College Auditorium, Camp Aguinaldo, at 6:30 p.m. Sunday, which means the following day.

Now here is the climax of the modus operandi. I offered him even only the cost of my food in the affair. He refused. “You are my guest,” he insisted. “Just donate a trophy,” he said. “Or the cost of it,” which I gave. He told me he had to rush to Manila Bulletin. “I’ll see you there, uncle,” he said and left.

There was no induction ceremony, and the phone number he left is the operator’s at Camp Aguinaldo. I came to know it only after he had left. When I reached home my wife and daughter exclaimed, “We thought he is the son of Vicente, your cousin. His name is Mario B. Rotor, a teacher.”

Except for his extreme feminine nature – bodily and by his voice – he could pass for a polished conversationalist, quick in wit and in scribbling notes. He spoke Ilocano perfectly with proper intonation. We talked in pure Ilocano throughout. He is around 5’ 4”, slim, kayumanggi, stoops a little, shoulders are rather high, and has rather sharp eyes, bony checks and prominent jaw, nose and ears (typical features of Rotors and Valdezes, so I thought). I was looking at my uncle Manuel and Ismael in their younger days, except that he could be mistaken for a woman by his voice, even on the phone. (He called up UST twice, I received the second.)

I am relating this story to warn potential victims of this impostor. What if the victim is not in his home ground? Or a neophyte in the city? His original plan according to my wife was to invite me outside. He suggested a fast food store near Dapitan St., or anywhere outside UST.

Reading the Person through Handwriting Analysis

As I went over the notes this impostor wrote, I wondered if handwriting analysis or graphology can really tell the true character of a person, and thus tell us whether to avoid or welcome him, more so to be properly warned. I know that graphology is among the tools used in the recruitment process administered by certain companies in the US and Europe, but is it sufficient to give us a keyhole view of hidden motives, other general personality characteristics? 

It is interesting to note the following features I observed on the impostor’s handwriting which are as follows: 


1. His writing lies perfectly in between lines, the words rarely touching the lower or upper bars. (Sign of independence, cleverness, non-conformist)

2. Heavy writing. You can feel the back of the paper like Braille (serious, intense, violent tendency, risk taker).

3. Loops of letters f, g, p, y vary. A large loop is a sign of openness; while tight and sharp pointed loops show the opposite character. Lack of “tail” after each word means an inward, silent character, but the sharp and deep downward strokes (f, p, t, l, I) show emotional intensity.

4. Ambivalence is also shown by the inconsistent writing pattern, and inconsistent type and size of letters. There are letters, which cannot be immediately deciphered, or are missing. (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde syndrome)

5. The dot of letter i, lies too far towards the right. No dot is exactly above the letter i. The letter t lacks the usual cross line at the top; instead it is cut at the middle either by a short dash or line that connects the nearby letter. Note wide spaces between words, large margins, and empty lines. (procrastination, loafer, tamad)

6. Writing has a feminist touch, which explain his personality.

I have always been fascinated by graphology since college days and through books in the library and bookstores I have learned a number of basic signs associated with talents, tendencies, etc. I must admit that as a field in psychology, graphology faces many views and controversies (like Freudian and Jungian approaches in psychology), but with computers today, this new science can be developed into a potent tool in personality analysis. I remember our teachers in elementary and high school who used to remind us in class that handwriting is the mirror of ourselves.

A Plea for Help as Modus Operandi

I lived at Don Antonio Height 2 at our family residence way back in the seventies when the area was still sparsely populated. One late evening I was awakened by a pleading sound, and when I looked from the veranda I saw a man apparently bleeding from wounds, leaning under a street lamp across our house. He was groaning and repeatedly pleading, “Dalhin ninyo ako sa ospital,” (Take me to the hospital.)

Our neighbor was also alerted. As we had coded security communication, we cautiously observed the “victim”. We sensed something wrong. Apparently he was only acting. When he saw that we were armed and did not open our gates, he started walking away. There at the nearest curb he joined his companions, a jeepload of tough guys, apparently hold uppers.

After the incident the whole neighborhood arrived at a theory that the “wounded” person acted as a decoy. In the process of being helped, his companions rush in, and declare a hold up. This “pasok bahay” modus operandi is not new and has been modified into other varieties, such as “akyat bahay”. In this case the gang takes advantage of houses when the residents are on vacation.

This mutual defense strategy proved to be an effective deterrent of a would-be crime. You can modify this according to your situation. One is by having coded night light or alarm. The rule is that, “Do not lift the drawbridge or open the fort gate,” so to speak, if you are living in a pioneer territory.

Be Sure Your Car Doors are Locked

My cousin had a co-teacher at Ramon Magsaysay High School Manila who fought a hold upper. She showed me both her hands bearing the scars of multiple wounds from knife. “My husband was also hurt,” she said. “Thanks God we are still alive.”

This is her story. Every morning the husband drives Remy, my cousin’s co-teacher, to Ramon Magsaysay before proceeding to his office. He would pick her up in the afternoon. For years this became a routine.

One morning while waiting for the green light at an intersection along Quezon Avenue, an unsuspecting man passing as a pedestrian suddenly opened the car’s rear door and occupied the backseat. With a fan knife he declared a holdup. Resisting the threat, the husband fought. The wife tried to help the husband. The struggle attracted passersby and pedestrians. The hold upper escaped, leaving the wounded couple that was immediately brought to the hospital.

Lesson: Be sure to lock all doors of your car. Roll up the windows to a level no one from outside can unlock and open the doors. When parking, leave the car immediately after locking the doors. Be sure to put on the wheel or engine lock. Don’t linger around, more so stay inside and sleep while the aircon is on. You are an easy target of hold uppers.

When opening your garage when going out specially in the early morning, and upon arriving in the evening, look around first for any suspicious people around. My friend, director Ruel Montenegro, lost his GSR Lancer this way. His driver did not resist the hold upper who simply took the car from the garage. It was never found.

What rules did the couple violate? First, they were not security-conscious. And second, they lacked the presence of mind at that time. This is often the case when we are preoccupied with routine activities. Again, as in my case they were too trusting and confident no one would harm them. In this civilized world we are still living in a jungle – a jungle made by man himself. ~

Acknowledgement with gratitude: Internet images

Sunday, March 29, 2026

Restoring Home, Sweet Home. "There’s no place like Home! "

Restoring Home, Sweet Home 
Dr Dr Abe V Rotor

" ‘Mid pleasures and palaces though we may roam,
Be it ever so humble, there’s no place like home."

     Home Sweet Home
By John Howard Payne
Music by Henry Rowley Bishop (1786-1855)
(Arranged for the violin and piano by Henry Farmer)

‘Mid pleasures and palaces though we may roam,
Be it ever so humble, there’s no place like home;
A charm from the sky seems to hallow us there,
Which seek through the world, is ne’er met with elsewhere.
Home, Home, sweet, sweet Home!

An exile from home, splendor dazzles in vain;
O, give me my lowly thatched cottage again!
The birds singingly gaily, that came to my call –
Give me them – and the peace of mind, dearer than all.
Home, Home sweet, sweet Home.
There’s no place like Home! 
       There’s no place like Home! 

"Home is a garden of roses, a grass lawn, a pergola of orchids.
Home is a collection of plants, a living gene bank.
Home is home for biodiversity, a living museum."

"Home is the singing of birds and fiddling of crickets.
 Home is the sweet smell of flowers, falling leaves, 
swaying branches in the wind.
 Home is the sweet smell of the earth after the first rain in May.
 Home is a singing cicada in the tree."

"Home is laughter and music, prose and poetry.
Home is forgiving, rejoicing, celebrating.
Home is Angelus and rosary hour. "

"Home is where the heart is." — Pliny the Elder

W
hat constitute a happy home
 was discussed on the school-on-air program - Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid. It was one of the liveliest lessons in the last five years of the program (Phase 2). Here are some definitions which came from our radio audience here and abroad.


Reproduction of a painting brought home from the United States by my dad before WWII restored and enshrined in our ancestral home.  Dad graduated with the degree of Bachelor in Commercial Science from the De Paul University in Chicago during the Great Depression, and returned as bona fide balikbayan never to leave San Vicente his hometown where he raised us - 3 children - after the early death of our mother.  
 
1. Home is a roof for everyone - residents and guests.
2. Home is a wall with large windows that let the sun and the breeze in.
3. Home is where fish in the aquarium sparkle in the morning’s sun.
4. Home is a baby smiling, of children playing.
5. Home is husband and wife loving and loyal to each other.

6. Home is a “place for everything and everything in its place.”
7. Home is dad and mom waiting for the children from school.
8. Home is a workshop for hobbies, inventions and discoveries.
9. Home is a dog lying on the doormat and waiting for its master.
10. Home is a litter of puppies and kittens.

11. Home is a rooster crowing, nature’s alarm clock.
12. Home is a house lizard’s crispy announcement of a guest coming.
13. Home is a frog croaking in the rain.
14. Home is a safari of wildlife – from insects to migratory birds.
15. Home is a warm embrace of a cat. (avr photo)

16. Home is a cup of coffee, a sip of wine, a newspaper.
17. Home is a warm bath, a cold shower, a bath tub.
18. Home is National Geographic, Time Magazine, Discovery channel.
19. Home is ripe tomato, succulent radish, dangling string beans.
20. Home is a brooding mother hen in her nest.

21. Home is fresh eggs everyday.

22. Home is the singing of birds and fiddling of crickets.
23. Home is the sweet smell of flowers, falling leaves, 
       swaying branches in the wind.
24. Home is the sweet smell of the earth after the first rain in May.
25. Home is a singing cicada in the tree.

26. Home is a swarming of gamugamo in the evening.
27. Home is a sala too small for so many friends.
28. Home is a cabinet of books, a study table, a computer.
29. Home is Beethoven, Mozart, Abelardo, Santiago.
30. Home is Charlotte Church, Josh Groban, Sharon Cuneta.

31. Home is Juan Luna, Amorsolo. Picasso, Van Gogh.
32. Home is potpourri of appetizing recipes, of the proverbial grandmother apple pie.
33. Home is pinakbet, lechon, karekare, suman, bibingka.
34. Home is a garden of roses, a grass lawn, a pergola of orchids.
35. Home is a collection of plants, a living gene bank.

36. Home is home for biodiversity, a living museum.
37. Home is doing repairs that virtually has no end.
38. Home is disposing old newspapers, bottles, metal scraps, 
      and used clothes.
39. Home is a midnight candle before an exam.
40. Home is a shoulder, a pillow, to cry on.

41. Home is Noche Buena.
42. Home is fireworks on New Year.
43. Home is general cleaning on weekends.
44. Home is a soft bed that soothes tired nerves and muscles.
45. Home is a fire place, a hearth, which takes the cold out of 
      the body and spirit.

46. Home is a Prodigal Son returning, The Good Samaritan.

47. Home is a round table where thanksgiving prayer is said.
48. Home is laughter and music, prose and poetry.
49. Home is forgiving, rejoicing, celebrating.
50. Home is Angelus and rosary hour. ~

ANNEX  
Rotor Ancestral House 
- A Living Heritage

Stands old and worn, yet proud and brave, to welcome new faces but familiar to the old, to bridge the gap of time, gap of change, love and loyalty and faith; a thousand-fold where through time and sweet memories, a wonderful story of a house ever told.
Dr Abe V Rotor

Author's ancestral house of four generations in San Vicente, Ilocos Sur.  Author's sister the late Sor Venie Valdez Rotor (left), his wife Cecille and their daughter Anna, c 1986.

Ancestral House - A Living Heritage
Rotor Family House

Three generations and a home of their own
stands in sun and rain, season in and out,
in years lean and plenty, in war and peace,
in trials winning than losing in every bout
on life's path or on the fast lane of change,
stopping at crossroads and looking about,
where the home stands, its window bright,
like a lighthouse when the sea is rough,
and the children no more, now grown ups
searching for a place from north to south
where career is right and the future bright,
and the world in life cycle in roundabout.

Stands old and worn, yet proud and brave,
to welcome new faces but familiar of old
to bridge the gap of time, gap of change,
love and loyalty and faith, a thousand fold
where through time and sweet memories,
a wonderful story of a house ever told. ~
 

Thursday, March 26, 2026

“The Customer is Always Right.” 20 Ways Customers Protect and Exercise their Rights

  “The Customer is Always Right” 

20 Ways Customers Protect and Exercise their Rights

Dr Abe V. Rotor 
Living with Nature School on Blog

Homemade products - padas bagoong, puto seko, patupat, suman, tupig, and the like, are sold around Our Lady of Manaoag Shrine in Pangasinan. Typical "flea market" called talipapa or tiangge, most products - and services - come from the village.It is agribusiness and biotechnology at the grassroots.


Suki system, typically Oriental style, means mutual trust, an
enduring relationship between seller and buyer.

1. Save, save, save – primordial motto.
• There’s a rhyme built in the motto so that you are always reminded of it.
• What do you save? Money of course, and all things that money can buy, or measured, from electricity to food, dropping a habit like smoking and drinking, walking instead of taking the tricycle.
• When do you save? It is for the rainy day, as in Aesop’s fable. During periods of plenty, whenever possible.
• Where do you save? First, at home. In the office, school, while traveling, while in company of friends, at work.
• There is nothing so small to be unimportant in savings. Cents make pesos and pesos make a hundred, a thousand, a million. Savings grows like tree that bear fruits.

2. Distinguish what you need from what you want.
• You need a car; you want a Mercedes – that’s how you differentiate the two.
• Needs are based on necessity; want on luxury. Most often we go for things beyond necessity.
• What you want is more expensive in most cases than what you need. Needs are bare, wants are elaborate.
• Need is easier to satisfy; want satisfies appeal – and appeal is subjective; it is infinite.
• Classify which is need or want from a list of products and services. Make two vertical columns, and make a comparative list. If you do it accurate you will be amazed at how you saved yourself from unnecessary expenditures, how you unburdened yourself with obligations, avoided potential waste.

3. Promos and bargains – beware of the hitch.
• New products are aggressively introduced into the market. Slow moving items must go. Expired goods (or about to) are virtually useless, and they are dangerous to use or consume. And here you are - a fish ready to bite. Don’t.
• Promos may be habit forming. Imagine what happens next after the promo is over.
• Bargain, bargain! Sale, sale! Has there been a time or place without sale? Whether its really bargain or sale or not. It is a universal strategy.
• Larger container, added weight, improved taste, stronger formula – how can these products sell at bargain when their cost of production is higher?

4. Don't yield to Bilmoko syndrome.
• Ibili mo ako, Nay. And your kid tantrums if you don’t. Don’t give in. Never, because once you do, you parent is trapped for life. Your child becomes your master.
• Bilmoko is a syndrome created by our capitalistic world. It thrives on young people from kinder to teenagers. They are the agents of consumerism, and consumerism is the main pillar or capitalism.
• Spend an hour (sorry, a day) in a mall, visit a gift center, a book store, a coffee shop or bar (which used to be for adult males), gym, attend a fiesta – you will be feel you are out of place if you are a senior citizen. It’s a kingdom of young people, yearning for goods and commodities that appeal to them. Ours is indeed a world of the young.
• With increasing population on one hand and longevity on the other you will find two kinds of diapers, vitamins, china wares, and the like.

5. Impulse Buying: Don’t trust on impulse.
• Here is a guide to follow to avoid this trap.
a. What benefit do you get from it?
b. Can you do without it?
c. Do you have the budget?
d. Does it really fit well into your present situation?
e. Do you really need it?
f. Take time to decide. Time is the mother of change.
h. If these criteria pass, then you have decided well.

6. Don’t be mesmerized by the magic of computerization.
• “It is easier to plant rice and get a good yield on the computer than on the field.” Thus the saying goes. Which means, things look beautiful on the computer.
• We place high confidence on computers as if they are fail safe, they are accurate and up-to-date.
• Review your bills (Meralco, Manila Water, etc.). Here is a guide
a. Be sure you receive you bill on time.
b. Check on its genuineness and veracity.
c. Check your meter reading and compare with that in
your bill. Do this with Meralco and Manila Water.
d. Meter reading is easy to learn. If your meter is defective (or if
you suspect it is) report to the nearest branch or office concerned.
e. Don’t settle for average consumption, if your meter is defective
(or in its absence)
f. Be keen with hidden costs and possible errors. Check time and
length of call, origin and callers, in the case of PLDT.
g. Pay only to legitimate/authorized collectors offices.
• Check the price of each menu before or order in a restaurant, and list it down. Show to the waiter and be sure he understands it. This will be the basis of how much to pay after, and the basis of discounts (such as Senior Citizens’).
• Computerized receipts are supposed to be BIR registered. Demand of this kind of receipt. Conventional receipts should be likewise BIR registered.
• Computerized offers, estimates, briefings, are usually elaborated. Get the gist. Go Ask, “Ano nga ba, kuya?” (What is it really.)

7. Don’t fall victims of overpricing, underselling, fake goods, ghost sales.
• Don’t be too trusting. Don’t become unwilling victim of opportunists and rogues.
• Don’t be in a hurry to buy anything. This is where you are most vulnerable. My daughter Anna bought Buko Pie from a sidewalk vendor, P80 each, for pasabulong. She was not only cheated, she was embarrassed.
• Beware of budol-budol, a modus operandi of a gang operating on the unwary. You are supposed to be paid in huge amount for something you have – all through sweet talks.
• Underweighing of meat, fish etc.; kaing of fruits with inferior ones inside, diluted products – name it and the rogues have it. Beware.
• Two gives, three gives; installment plans – these in the long run are very expensive. Compare if you cash what you are buying. Or with other terms.

8. Keep out of spurious contracts, unilateral MOAs, down payments, initial deposits, payments-in-kind.
• Don’t enter into contract without proper advice. Get a second opinion or third. Look first into its legal aspect.
• Advance payments may have hidden motives. It ties you up. It reduces if not take out your bargaining power. Example: Divisoria traders advance payment of the crops you will produce. Such as cabbage but on condition that you sell your produce at a contracted price.
• Initial deposits may turn out unrefundable.
• Memorandum of Agreement must be bilateral. Don’t be an underdog.
• Utang, Puro Utang: Avoid Credit, cash it.
• Swaping is both art and luck. Good luck.

9. Ukay-ukay: people’s system of changing hands in ownership.
• Garage sale is in; it may be good to look around, but remember these are second hand goods.
• Plan a collective garage sale with your friends or neighbors, for variety and impact. You will be relieved of so many things you don’t need, converting them into money or investment.
• But be benevolent. There are possessions better to give as gifts or donations, than to convert them into cash. Remenber the victim of calamities, poor children in Christmas.
• Budget can be stretched longer with second hands. Leaving migrants will gladly do away with possessions they can’t take with them at bargain price. Second hand books are much cheaper.
• Antiques are priceless, yet you may find your luck in second hand stores.

10. The other side of Advertisements: part truth, more lies.
• They say only 10 percent is true in advertisement. This is over exaggerated. There are advertisements that are genuine and sincere. But a great many merely paints a rosy garden.
• Advertising appeals to the weakness of human nature – emotion. It thrives on conditioned learning (psychological thirst).
• Advertisement is applied aesthetics, you are captive of your own desires.
• Do not patronize the following ads and their kind:
a. Nakatikim ka ban g 15? (Napoleon Brandy, Limtuaco)
b. Family praying before meals, father and children and father disrespect.
(Mama Cita)
c. Sexy ads like Axe, White Horse, Nivea,
d. Dangerous ads – pain killers.

Make a list of three kinds of ads: Distasteful, Deceitful ads, Educational ads.

11. Remember the 8Rs in Resource Management
• Reserve
• Reduce
• Resort (alternatives)
• Reproduce
• Restore (repair)
• Recycle
• Rotate
• Revere

12. Planned Obsolescence: things are no more for keeps.
13. Distinguish Functional from Aesthetic design.
14. Maximize value of products and services.
15. Produce, rather than Buy.
16. Don’t allow yourself the guinea pig of new products and services.
17. Regulate your shopping. The less you do it, the better.
18. Live within your means; don’t keep up with the Joneses.
19. Austerity and frugality are time tested virtues of man and his society. 
20. Uphold the "Do it yourself culture." Set the example. Be a handyman at home. ~

Live thing tilapia caught from the La Mesa Dam, QC

Lesson on former 
Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid (People's School-on-Air) with Ms Melly C Tenorio 
738 DZRB AM Band, 8 to 9 evening class Monday to Friday
Reference: Living with Nature Handbook, AVRotor, UST

Tuesday, March 24, 2026

Usapang Bayan: In Observance of World Water Day March 22, 2026: 12 Principles of Water Conservation and Utilization

Usapang Bayan: In Observance of World Water Day March 22, 2026
12 Principles of Water Conservation 
and Utilization 

 
Ms Melly C Tenorio, host, and Dr Abe V Rotor, guest

Drought is engulfing the land. Let us conserve and use water wisely! In June-August 2026, El Niño* is likely to emerge (62% chance) and persist through at least the end of 2026.

Dr Abe V Rotor



Siargao Waterfalls, Surigao. wall mural by Anna Christina Rotor and the author at St Paul College Surigao, 2006. Impounding water downstream before it reaches the sea supplies potable and
irrigation needs. 

NOTE: The mural has been permanently removed to give way to construction and rehabilitation.

1. Monsoon rains generally come in June to October.
Conserve water during this period for use in the dry season. Consult the rainfall pattern in your area.

2. A region or a particular geographic area may possess a micro-climate of its own, and therefore a distinct rainfall pattern. Be guided by this sub-type of climate in the conservation and utilization of water as determined by the following factors:

A. Elevation – The higher the elevation, the cooler is the environment. There is more rainfall and thick vegetation. Examples: Benguet, Mt. Apo, Kanlaon, Bulusan

B. Presence of natural barriers – The Cordillera mountain range separates the Ilocos provinces and the Cagayan Valley into two sub-types of climate. The Sierra Madre mountain range has a similar effect.

C. Position and closeness to large bodies of water – Samar and Leyte Islands have three micro-climates owing to the varied conditions brought by the surrounding sea as well as the presence of mountains and a large swamp – the Sab- A Basin.

D. Forest cover – The thicker and more extensive the primary forest cover, the higher is the precipitation or rainfall falling in and around the area. Examples: Mt. Makiling, parts of Mindanao, Isabela and Palawan still covered by original forests.

3. In the Philippines our main supply of freshwater comes from three sources
- lakes, swamps and ponds;
- rivers and streams; and
- springs and ground water.

A. Take care of these sources and use them wisely. Lakes (e.g. Laguna de Bay, Paoay Lake, Taal Lake), and swamps (e.g. Liguasan Marsh, Sab-A Basin) are made up of a complex system network of watershed, tributaries and distributaries. Watershed (supplies water and maintains stability of the lake/swamp). Tributaries(rivers and streams feed the lake/swamp) Distributaries(rivers and streams drain off excess water). Management should be holistic, treating the system on the basis of inter-relationships among its parts.

A pond has similar basic structures although it is generally shallow and intermittent, its system very much simpler and reduced. A swamp, compared to a lake, is a water-logged area, usually a basin, thickly vegetated, rich in organic matter deposits such as muck and peat. Natural reservoirs maintain a desirable amount of ground water for agriculture and domestic use.)

B. Rivers and streams conduct runoff/surface water. Their load can be tapped for future use through impounding, especially those which directly run to the sea and dry up after the rainy season. Great potentials for large supply of freshwater await in our major rivers like the Agno River, Tagum River, Aparri River, Mindanao River, Pampanga River, and Agusan River.

4. An efficient watershed maintains the stability of a water reservoir whether it is natural or man made by
 Providing protection against erosion and siltation,
 Increasing the rate of water absorption and impounding,
 Inducing rainfall, and
 Keeping the surroundings cool and reducing evaporation.

A. Erosion and siltation work in tandem. Silt is carried down by water from eroded areas. Deposition causes clogging of waterways, and the silting of farms. It exacerbates flooding, reducing the life of dams, decreases crop yield.

B. Water absorption and conservation of ground water are enhanced by well-maintained watersheds.

5. A micro-climate is created within efficient watershed areas which is conducive to cloud formation and consequent precipitation. This is mainly the result of increased relative humidity and reduced evaporation.
  • Favorable cloud formation
  • Transpiration/  Precipitation
  • High relative humidity
  • Good Forest 
  • Live Streams
  • Sufficient gound water
Water supply is enhanced by forests and woodlands (man-made forests) through

 Higher rate of rainfall (tropical rain forest is so-called because rain occurs frequently, if not daily, in and around tropical forests, such as Mt. Makiling.
 Fuller rivers, streams and natural springs,
 Abundant amount of ground water and fuller aquifers.

A. A forest has a multi-storey structure which is very efficient in water conservation, and solar and space utilization. Organic matter built on the forest floor helps conserve water like sponge.

B. The forest cover conserves water and keeps it underground for future use. It slows down water flow thereby increasing the rate of water absorption. The roots of trees help maintain s desirable water level in the ground and fuller aquifers (underground rivers). All these enhance the life of rivers, streams and natural springs.

6. Water impounding in the tropics is a common practice in agriculture, fisheries, power generation, recreation, industry (e.g water coolant), and for domestic use. Commonly adopted designs are based on these models:

 Dam (e.g. Ambuklao, Binga, Angat, Lamesa, Pantabangan, Chico)
 Pond (e.g. farm pond, communal water impounding projects)
 Terrace (e.g. Banaue rice terraces gravity irrigation) and
 Series of catchments (China’s model)

A. A large reservoirs are very expensive and require extensive areas. They are characterized by high technology and maintenance requirements. Our major dams are suffering from heavy siltation which have drastically reduced their capacity and life.

B. Ponds are mainly for individual use in small and medium farms. Small communal reservoirs projects are popular in Iloilo and in many parts of the country but many of them are not properly managed. Such projects are designed for cooperative farming. One project in Iloilo has 5-ha reservoir, 100-ha watershed, and a service area of 50 hectares, cultivated by some 30 farmers.

C. Water Impounding on the Banaue rice terraces is a classical example of a very efficient water management system. Rainwater is trapped in each of the hundreds of terraced ricefields which then act as a reservoir until the crop is harvested. Through gravity irrigation system paddy water is regulated. Excess water is conducted to the lower paddies and ultimately to the gorge which serves as the main drain.

D. A series of small catchments built along the length of a river conserves virtually all the water that would otherwise go to waste. This system of water impounding is built on intermittent rivers and streams of certain parts of the People’s Republic of China where the rainy season is short leaving the place dry the rest of the year.

7. Where irrigation water is limited, the principle of comparative advantage should be applied. Considering other things equal, choose the crop which gives the highest level of water utilization and returns on investment.

Economics of water utilization during the dry season: 20,000 Cubic Meters is the water Requirement of 1 hectare rice, 3 ha corn and 5 to 6 ha Legumes/Bean

8. In recycling water for farm, industry and domestic use follow the principles governing Nature’s Water Cycle, namely

 Water is transformed into three states of matter – solid, liquid and gas. In the process of transformation, water is separated from other substances and impurities.

Examples: to distilling water, the impurities are left behind. Much of the rain which falls on land comes from clouds formed at sea. The process of destination follows the principle.

 While water cleans, it has also the inherent power of “cleansing itself”.

Examples: Organic matter settles at the bottom of lakes, leaving the water clear and clean. Similarly after heavy downpour, silt and clay settle down leaving the water clear. Natural springs rarely need the attention of man.

 There are certain biological and physical, including geologic and chemical processes which enhance water recycling.

Examples: Aquatic plants maintain a desirable supply of oxygen in water. In sewage treatment, water passes through a series of tanks/pools until it goes out safe and functional again. Aquifers are natural underground reservoirs and filters.

9. Water pollution exacerbates water shortage. Minimize, if not prevent, the pollution of our water supply by

 Using biodegradable materials,
There are now biodegradable plastics. Coconut oil-based detergents are preferred. So with organic fertilizer over chemical fertilizer. Botanical pesticides leave little or no toxic residue.

 Reducing pollutants,
Reduced emission of gases which combine with atmospheric water to form “acid rain”. Clear watershed and waterways from all forms of garbage. Prevent clogging and water-logging as these favor accumulation of wastes and increase the effects of pollution. More strict laws on oil spill.

 Practicing cleanliness and sanitation,
Proper garbage disposal. Keep industrial wastes away from water sources. Implement a shanty-free estero program. Impose strict sanitation in public markets, and “talipapa”/ flea markets. Strictly implement anti-pollution laws in factories, homes and motor vehicles.

 Banning dangerous pollutants
Uphold the anti-nuclear constitutional provision to prevent radioactive fallout incident. Radioactive wastes must be disposed following international safety standards. Permanently ban the “Dirty Dozen” pesticides. Use only unleaded gasoline. Regulate use and disposal of mercury compounds.

 Planning our community, and
Residential and industrial zoning. Strictly implement building and housing policies of the National Housing Authority, DPWH, local governments, etc, Ecology village concept, Decongest urban centers and promote rural living.

 Educating the public.
National Geographic and Nature-Life TV series, DENR media programs on environment, Kalikasan publications, DA and DOST programs on agro-ecology. Include ecology in the school curriculum on all levels. Ban ads of products which contribute to environmental degradation.

10. As the flow of our rivers gets less, our lakes subside, and ground water sinks deeper, saltwater intrusion increase spoiling our farms, springs and wells, rivers, streams and ponds. Ward off saltwater intrusion by

 Preserving the mangrove forests
Mangroves are frontliners against tides and sea currents. They are natural riprap builders and they moderate the rate of flow and mixing of seawater and freshwater at the estuaries.

 Reforestation of mountains and watersheds
Flash floods are frequent where trees have been cut. Runoff water cuts river banks, makes waterways shallow and at the mouth of rivers mudflats are formed. With reduced flown of rivers, seawater intrudes island and underground. In many parts of the country, intrusion is noted in farms as far as 10 km inland.

 Preventing siltation and pirating of rivers
River banks must be protected with trees. Residential areas must kept away from river banks. Farming along rivers and around bodies of water must be controlled, specially if it contributes to erosion and siltation. Farm chemicals drain into rivers and lakes specially if it rains. Reclaiming and pirating beaches, estuaries, rivers and streams should be strictly prohibited. Major obstructions are illegally constructed fishponds, rest houses and shanties.

 Dredging waterways
Many of the rivers are heavily silted and dredging is necessary. This is specially true in and around big urban centers. Illegal dikes and structures must be removed and strict garbage disposal enforced.

 Regulating the drawing of underground water and the damming of rivers
Water rights regulate the rate of drawing water from the ground and rivers. However, this is not being implemented strictly. Too much withdrawal predisposes saltwater intrusion. Many wells and rivers in summer turn saline.

11. Modern technology has developed new ways of tapping and recycling freshwater by means of

 Towing icebergs,
Icebergs are towed hundreds of miles to countries in need of freshwater.

 Desalination of seawater,
Freshwater is produced from seawater through the principle of distillation. To reduce cost, solar energy has replaced conventional fuel. Israel adopts desalination for its agriculture.


 Cloud seeding and inducing rainfall photo
Rain-inducing compounds are used by airplanes to seed rain clouds. Technology has increased the efficiency of cloud seeding.

 Bottling spring and mineral water, and
Due to dwindling natural supply of safe freshwater, bottling spring and mineral water has become in the last twenty years a booming industry in large urban centers. A chilled 250-ml spring water sells at 15.oo php on university campuses in Manila.

 Re-processing used water.
Unlike the conventional filtration-aeration-chlorination process, used water is recycled for domestic use through a complex purification process in big cities.

12. Everybody should share in the common responsibility to use and conserve water wisely by means of

 Avoiding wasteful use of water
List down ways to save water. These include such simple means as repairing leaky faucets and pipes, to adopting a systematic program in household management.

 Impounding rain and surface water
Residents in small islands depend largely on rain. Their houses are equipped with special gutters and storage jars to trap and store rainwater.

 Maintaining ecological balance
List down all the ways to help preserve the environment to enhance the adequacy of freshwater supply from wells, rivers, springs, etc. Refer to the foregoing principles. ~
______________
Briefing outline presented by the author as adviser to the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Food, 1993. 

* El Niño is a natural climate phenomenon characterized by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, recurring every 2–7 years. It weakens trade winds, shifting rainfall patterns globally, often causing drought in the western Pacific (Australia, SE Asia) and heavy rainfall in Peru and the Southern U.S. - NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Internet

Acknowledgement with gratitude: Internet Photos and their sources