PSERE: Researches on Sustainable Development:

 Researches on Sustainable Development: 

20th Annual Conference of the Philippine Society for Educational Research and Evaluation (PSERE)

Dr Abe V Rotor

Opening of Exhibits: Dr Teresa R Perez cuts ceremonial ribbon with other PSERE officers (left to right) Dr Melchor M Magramo, Dr Clarafe A Gonzales, Dr Consuelo C Callang and Dr Emily B Tan 

A.  Poster Exhibit

 

  

B. Plenary Papers 

Sabada, Rex B - Mangrove Conservation through Academe-Public Partnership.  University of the Philippines Visayas (Plenary 1) 

Pardo de Tavera, Ma Mara - Sustainable Development on Organics.  Organic Producers Trade Association  (Plenary 2)

Rotor, Abercio V - Culture and Sustainability: Guiding our Children to the Good Life in a Changing Environment. University of Santo Tomas (Plenary 3)

 C. Research Papers 

Torres, Milano and Aira Sharida H Villapando (2012) - Green Practices of Accommodation and Lodging Establishments in Batangas Province.  First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities, Tanauan CXity, Batangas

Garrovillas, Eduardo P (2012)- Higher Education for Sustainable Development, Philippine Perspective. Jose Rizal University  

Perez, Teresa R  - Coastal-Based Resource Management: The Centro Escolar University Experience CEU, Manila 

Magramo, Melchor M, Alimen RA, Howse V, Burtney R and MRG Esmaña - Growth Trends of Seagrass Species in a Four-Year Study in Igang Bay, Guimaras, Philippines. JB Lacson Foundation Maritime University Ecological Park, Guimaras

Esparas, Erica Joy, Fajardo AK, Calimbahin MC, De Leon MI, and Julieta Z Dungca (2012)  -  Isolation and Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant and Lead-Tolerant Pink Pigmented Facultative Bacteria as Potential Indicator of Air Pollution. College of Medical Technology and School of Science and Technology, CEU 

Castroverde, Yolanda L - Development and Ecosystem Conditions of the Municipality of Del Gallego, Camarines Sur.  University of Nueva Caseres, Naga City 

Sarinas, Brian Gil S - Solid Waste Management Compliance, Practices and Destination and Impact among Merchant Vessels Docking in Port San Pedro and Dumangas Ports - A Step towards Eco-Friendly Shipping - JB Lacson Foundation Maritime University, Arevalo, Iloilo  

Torrigue, Ma. Lona T - Absorption Capacity and Biomass Concentration of Thraustochitrid in Bunker C Oil Using Different Cell Densities. JBLFMU, Arevalo, 

 Iloilo  

Baynosa, Ronald - Disaster Preparedness and Resiliency of the Top Twenty Corporations in Iloilo City. JBLFMU, Molo, Iloilo 

Pelasol, Rhona J - Iloilo River Eco-Park and Sustainable Development Inputs towards the Full Rehabilitation of the Iloilo River. St Therese-MTC Colleges , Molo  

Note: There are other papers presented in the conference, including the keynote speech of Dr Raul Bañas, provincial administrator, who represented Gov Arthur D Defensor. in the occasion.  ~

At the Crossroad of Agriculture and Ecology in a Photo Exhibit

At the Crossroad of Agriculture and Ecology

in a Photo Exhibit

 Abe V. Rotor Photo Exhibit at the National Library 1972  

That's 51 years ago, I was in my twenties (PHOTO), single and full of energy, new in my job with the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DENR).  Martial Law was just declared by President Ferdinand Marcos, the country hoped for change.   

For me, a shift from academe to bureaucracy was a big break, in fact a wide gap, from biologist and ecologist to agricultural adviser and public servant, from the confines of university wall and research laboratory to the open fields, onto the grassroots.

At the crossroad of development for economic necessity to one that secures environmental balance as well, I played a vital role as council secretary and executive assistant to a 22-member inter-agency presidential council (NFAC);  

Crush programs were launched without delay as hunger loomed:  Masagana 99 for rice, Maisan 77 for corn, pioneer production of wheat (trigo), soybean, sorghum,  
Gulayan sa Kalusugan for vegetables, Green Revolution for agriculture-at-large on all levels and corners of the country - barangay to schools; 

Dendrology (wood farming) and agro-forestry were launched nationwide; hybrid  ipil-ipil plantation set up for wood, natural fertilizer, feeds, industrial fuel, likewise for erosion and flood control, reforestation, for which this miracle tree got its name.

Bakahan Barangay (cattle raising), piggery and chicken production on the municipal and barangay  levels, Palay-isdahan (fish culture in ricefield), SWIP (Small Water Impounding Projects) for irrigation and power generation, among other projects;

New frontiers of agriculture were pushed to the upland and hillside, contour farming, SALT (Slope Agricultural Land Technology), onto the sea - mariculture (seaweeds farming, fish pens, floating cages), swamps reclaimed into new farms;

Increased farm production, yield : input ratio was pushed to the maximum, which means more and new tools and inputs: fertilizers, pesticides, machines, seeds, etc., supported by aggressive extension cum financial subsidy for farmers; 

The complex crossroad of change was visualized as traditional versus modern agriculture; intensive and ecological farming; integrated farming and agro-processing, combining agriculture and industry in a new enterprise: agribusiness;  

Quo vadis? (Where are we headed for?) What roads lead to greater and long-term advantage? Where and what measures can we gain in one but not the other? Do we gain in agriculture at the expense of the environment, or is it the other way?  
  
This scenario projected the theme and message of a one-man photo exhibit in 1972, first at the Nayong Pilipino in Parañaque, then moved to the National Library in Manila. Ecology then a relatively new field, and proposed subject in schools.~

 

                         Personal collection from the 1972 Ecology exhibit. ~

Composite Wall Mural of Nature: A Glimpse into Our Living World

Composite Wall Mural of Nature

A Glimpse into Our Living World

 Wall Mural Paintings by Dr Abe V Rotor 

Living with Nature Center

San Vicente, Ilocos Sur

Wonder how our world looks like when the sky, land and sea are combined into one piece like a jigsaw puzzle, the trees becoming part of the sky, the clouds merging with the sea, the mountains and hills flowing down the valley, and all things living and non-living are arranged into one peaceful network. 

 

The deep sea and the vast sky are but one, as fish and birds merge yet distinct and free in their own habitats, the sun and other elements of life keeping them in unity and harmony through homeostasis a biological phenomenon we may never fully understand.   

And when we find silence in its deepest expression, it is the breeze passing, birds chirping, crickets fiddling, gecko calling, mist turning into dewdrops, or the silence on the distant hills and meadows, that inspire man to create his greatest compositions in colors, music and literature, albeit a child drawing the clouds, or sailing  on a stream with a leaf adrift.   

\

The waterfall roars and settles down into a stream, joins a river, taking with it many a laughter, sweat and tear, yet it brings new life to fields and pastures, wakes up seeds and flowers, and down it continues its journey to the estuaries, shores and the sea like a returning child, only to be reborn into cloud and rain, onto the watershed where it begins as a waterfall again.  

Rocks may appear lifeless at first, yet they are the precursor of life itself, the birthplace of algae, fungi, and their special symbiotic kin the lichens, and soon they soften and exfoliate into soil.  The lowly moss settles down, followed by ferns and lianas forming a prototype forest, which through time, evolves into a true forest, a transformation in biodiversity and ecological evolution beyond our lifetime, yet  many generations in the future benefit out of the process and ultimately its final state as an ecosystem. 

More than knowledge and subsequently wisdom in some ways, lies the lighter side of human nature that takes us into a realm of happiness and joy, a state of the mind, which we have the capacity to share with others, thus earning for us the role as disciples of creation, and therefore protectors of Mother Earth.   

How little do we understand the mystery of Creation no mortal could possibly share, even with the genius of man we extoll to be the apex of rationality.  Now and then we are reminded of our frailty, our folly and lofty dreams, to conquer darkness in the way we attempt to fill the emptiness of our lives, offer the fullest reverence to the One responsible of everything in our world and the whole universe, through the arts in its holistic expression, the Humanities. ~  

Shakespearean Romanticism in Glass Paintings

Shakespearean Romanticism in Glass Paintings

"Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good..."

Glass Paintings by Dr Abe V Rotor

"As broken glass no cement can redress;

So beauty blemished once, for ever lost..."

Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good;

A shining gloss that vadeth suddenly;

A flower that dies when first it 'gins to bud;

A brittle that's broken presently;

A doubtful good, a gloss, a glass, a flower,

Lost, vaded, broken, dead within an hour.

And as goods lost are seld or never found,

As vaded gloss no rubbing will refresh,

As flowers dead lie withered on the ground,

As broken glass no cement can redress;

So beauty blemished once, for ever lost,

In spite of physic, painting, pain and cost. 

— William Shakespeare

"Spring and autumn in the woods a lovely pair,

                and not a shadow of winter and summer... "                

Sin of self-love possesseth all mine eye,

And all my soul, and all my every part;

And for this sin there is no remedy,

It is so grounded inward in my heart.

Methinks no face so gracious is as mine,

No shape so true, no truth of such account,

And for myself mine own worth do define,

As I all other in all worths surmount.

But when my glass shows me myself indeed,

Beared and chopp'd with tann'd antiquity,

Mine own self-love quite contrary I read;

Self so self-loving were iniquity.

'Tis thee (myself) that for myself I praise,

Painting my age with beauty of thy days.

— William Shakespeare

Cellphone Radiation is Bad to Your Health

Cellphone Radiation is Bad to Your Health
Don't gamble on your life and learn about the reasons why increased cell phone use can have short-term and long-term effects on your health.

Dr Abe V Rotor
Living with Nature - School on Blog

• Case Study of Cancer in Mumbai
• How Mobile Phones Affect Sleep
• 5 Reasons Why Cellphones Are Bad For Your Health
• Visual pollution1. Case Study Usha Riran Building Worli Mumbai

Towers sending tumour signals

By Hemal Ashar |Posted 03-Jan-2010

Mumbai's swanky Usha Kiran building says the four cancer cases there could be linked to mobile towers installed on the facing Vijay Apartments

Mobile towers or mobile tumours? That is the question. A slew of buildings in the plush Carmichael Road area in South Mumbai, have come together to appeal to Vijay Apartments to remove mobile towers on top of their building, to prevent harmful radiation. The trigger is a couple of cancer cases in Usha Kiran building located opposite Vijay Apartments.

The cell phone towers installed on the Vijay Apartments terrace at Carmichael Road 

pic/Bipin Kokate

Though studies have not yet shown proof of a direct link between mobile tower radiation and cancer, Burjor Cooper, chairman, Carmichael Road Citizen's Committee, (CRCC) echoes the sentiments of those opposed to the towers in his recent appeal, when he says: "It will take several years for the completion of conclusive research and for any restrictions and safety standards to be implemented -- with the result that many innocent lives could be lost because of the harmful effects of mobile phone towers."

'Remove mobile towers'
Buildings that are supporting Usha Kiran and have joined in the appeal are: Rushila building, Ghia Mansion, Anand-Kamal Co-Op Society, Everest House and Indira Premises Co-Op Society.

Though debate on the issue has been simmering for six months now, things have heated up since the past two months, with written appeals and meetings with Vijay Apartments to disband the towers.

Fatal signals
The appeal, also signed by Prakash Patel, treasurer, CRCC, elaborates: "There are three cases of brain tumours (two cases are of a cancerous nature and one case of recurrent/aggressive meningioma) and one case of bone cancer, all four cases in the recent past in Usha Kiran building. These three floors are directly facing and at the same height as the two mobile phone towers placed on the roof of the building (Vijay Apartments) on the opposite side of the road.

"These life-threatening health issues have been either caused or enhanced by the high levels of Electro Magnetic Radiation (EMR) emitted by mobile phone towers. The health hazards arising from such EMR emissions of mobile phone towers is now recognised in all developed countries and the numerous research reports have been published overseas." They say the towers must be removed to prevent widespread panic too.

Inconsequential findings
Siddharth Bhandari, chairman, Vijay Apartments building society says, "There has been no hostility, either from our side or Usha Kiran. Some months ago, scientists from the Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research (SAMEER) agency in Mumbai did measure the radiation from the towers on our building. It fell within permissible limits.

"We went to Usha Kiran with these findings but they said it was inconsequential, we need to remove the towers anyway."

Risk to families
Bhandari says, "We need to have a solid case to convince society members that these towers, which have been on the building for more than three years, have to be removed. As a resident of the nine-storey building, I reside on the top floor closest to the tower. Even I do not want to expose my family to any radiation risk.

Nobody would. Yet, is there a link between the cancer cases and the mobile towers? Is there reasonable doubt? We have to find out for sure. We also have asked that if we remove the towers then no other building in the vicinity be allowed to put towers.

Ghia Mansion's Shyam B Ghia's letter to Usha Kiran dated October 6, 2009 allays those doubts. It says: "To assure Vijay Apartments' residents that their cooperation is not nullified by future unneighbourly (sic) actions by other societies the undersigned societies undertake and indemnify Vijay Apartments that they themselves will not install any cell phone tower in future."

Not convinced
The Indira Premises Co-operative Society letter says: "In the year 2001, our society was approached by Orange (now Vodafone) for permission to install cell phone towers on our terrace for handsome money consideration to the society. In a special general meeting convened for this specific purpose, the officials of Orange tried to convince our members that there were no known radiation hazards to the residents or to those in the neighbouring buildings.

"In spite of their assurances, our society decided not to allow any installation of cell phone tower on our terrace and subsequently, Vijay Apartments was approached by them."

Health or wealth
Bhandari would not reveal how much money the building was making because of the mobile phone towers, though he did say there was a financial consideration. When asked if there had been a resident recently afflicted with cancer in Vijay Aparments, he candidly said yes. Yet he sought to dispel the notion that Vijay Apartments' residents were callous and money hungry, stating categorically, "Our building residents are not putting money before health considerations."

Bhandari says Vijay Apartments is set to hold another radiation testing in the second week of January 2010, with the "mobile towers switched off. If the testing shows a substantial drop in radiation levels with the towers switched off, we would have to decide how to take this further".

Lakhs or lives?
The angry opposition says testing will not prove anything conclusively, but "all over the world, studies are being done about mobile towers and cancer. Years ago, there was no 'conclusive' proof that cigarettes caused cancer too, but down the line it was proved. So, what are we waiting for? People to die before case studies prove 'conclusively' that mobile cell phone towers are a cancer risk? Is Rs 20 lakh more important than a person's life?"

The rich and the famous
Carmichael Road is one of Mumbai's priciest real estates. Perched on a steep gradient next to its equally pricey neighbour, Altamount Road (labelled as the Millionnaire's Row), Carmichael Road's landmark Usha Kiran building has flats going at more than Rs 90,000 a square foot. The Ambanis were former Usha Kiran residents.
Now, Mukesh Ambani's hyped Antillia building is under construction just ten minutes away on Altamount Road. Kumaramangalam Birla's Adityayan Mangal bungalow is on Carmichael Road. JRD Tata's heritage bungalow is also on Altamount Road.

What doctors say
Dr Suresh Advani, chief oncologist, Jaslok Hospital, says: "I am very clear that there is no evidence or scientific proof of a link between mobile towers and cancer. The link between tobacco and cancer did not take years to establish, it was known since the very beginning earlier than the 1940s or 50s in fact.

"This is a wrong comparison. There is absolutely nothing to suggest that they may cause cancer."

Yet, concerned citizens have collected a huge database of international reports that state cell phone towers are a health hazard, quoting two-time Nobel prize nominee Dr Gerald Hyland who says, "Existing safety guidelines for cell phone towers are completely inadequate. Quite justifiably, the public remains skeptical of attempts by governments and industry to reassure them that all is well, particularly the unethical way in which they often operate symbiotically so as to promote their own vested interests."

Says Dr V V Haribhakti, consultant surgical oncologist, "I am unaware of any studies proving a conclusive link.

The last I read was a Scandinavian study which says there is no link between mobile phone towers and cancer.
I don't think there is any solid evidence supporting this so. I do not think towers should be removed."

What about Jaslok?
Ironically, the Jaslok Hospital, just 120 meters away from Vijay Apartments, has mobile phone towers on top of the structure.

Says Jaslok Hospital CEO Colonel M Masand, "We are not the only building in the vicinity to have these towers.

So far, there is no proof or data from any prominent authority saying that radiation from the towers is harmful.

If anybody shows me proof, I would be the first to throw away these towers."






2. How Mobile Phones Affect Sleep (INFOGRAPHIC)
02/15/2013 12:40 pm ET | Updated Mar 22, 2013
· Katy Hall Managing Features Editor, Huffington Post
· Chris Spurlock

Most people who own iPhones use them as their alarm clock — making it all too easy to check email one last time before falling asleep and hard to ever feel unplugged from work and social networks.

Several years ago my boss, Arianna Huffington, passed out from exhaustion after staying up late to catch up on work. She banged her head on the way down and ended up with five stitches — and became what she calls a “sleep evangelist.” Now she leaves her phone charging in another room when she goes to bed and encourages friends to do the same.

“I sent all my friends the same Christmas gift — a Pottery Barn alarm clock — so they could stop using the excuse that they needed their very tempting iPhone by their bed to wake them up in the morning,” she said.

If your phone wakes you up in the morning, it may also be keeping you up at night. A 2008 study funded by major mobile phone makers themselves showed that people exposed to mobile radiation took longer to fall asleep and spent less time in deep sleep.

“The study indicates that during laboratory exposure to 884 MHz wireless signals components of sleep believed to be important for recovery from daily wear and tear are adversely affected,” the study concluded.

And that’s just a physical symptom of sleeping near the phone — “sham” exposure to a phone without radiation failed to produce the same effect. The itch to check in at all hours of the night or wake up to the sound of a text message disrupts our sleep, too. A quarter of young people feel like they must be available by phone around the clock, according to a Swedish study that linked heavy cell phone use to sleeping problems, stress and depression. Unreturned messages carry more guilt when the technology to address them lies at our fingertips. Some teens even return text messages while they are asleep.

Most of us choose not to set limits on our nighttime availability. Nearly three-quarters of people from the age of 18 to 44 sleep with their phones within reach, according to a 2012 Time/Qualcomm poll. That number falls off slightly in middle age, but only in people 65 and older is leaving the phone in another room as common as sleeping right next it. This story appears in Issue 42 of our weekly iPad magazine, Huffington, in the iTunes App store, available Friday, March 29.

Consumer News
3. Five Reasons Why Cellphones Are Bad For Your Health
Jul 12, 2013 01:15 PM By Lizette Borreli

Constant cell phone use can impose a lifetime of health issues. Here are five reasons why. 

Ed Yourdon

Ninety-one percent of American adults and 60 percent of teens own this device that has revolutionized communication in the 21st century — the cellphone. Whether you own an Android, an iPhone, a Blackberry, or a basic flip phone, chances are you check your phone for messages, alerts, or calls even when your mobile device isn't ringing or vibrating, reports a Pew Internet & American Life Project survey. The modern convenience that cell phones provide is responsible for everyone's increased daily use. According to the Morningside Recovery Rehabilitation Center, the average American spends 144 minutes a day using his or her phone during a 16-hour period. With an estimated six billion subscriptions worldwide and counting, cell phones have become one of the fundamental means of communication in society.

While cell phones provide an efficient and easy way to communicate with friends, family, and co-workers, excessive use can take a toll on your health. Mobile phones use transmitting radio waves through a series of base stations where radiofrequency waves are electromagnetic fields that cannot break chemical bonds or cause ionization in the human body, says the World Health Organization (WHO). Although cellphones are considered to be low-powered radiofrequency transmitters, your handset transmits power when it is on, and therefore it is important to increase your distance from the handset to reduce radiofrequency exposure. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) suggests cell phone users to keep a minimum distance of 20 centimeters from their handset to significantly reduce radiation exposure. Adults and especially children can suffer the long-term effects of radiation waves on the brain. "Young children particularly need to be careful," Dr. Devra Davis, director for environmental oncology at the University of Pittsburgh, told CNN.com. "We do not have enough information nor do we have enough time to be sure that cell phones are safe, and there's reason for concern that they may be harmful," she said. The University of Pittsburgh also warned its faculty and staff to limit their cell phone use due to the possible cancer risks.
Don't gamble on your life and learn about the reasons why increased cell phone use can have short-term and long-term effects on your health.

Negatively Affects Emotions. The presence of a cell phone while two or more people are talking face-to-face can generate negative feelings toward the person who has his or her device visible. In two studies conducted at the University of Essex in the United Kingdom, researchers studied the effects of a mobile device during a nose-to-nose conversation. In the first study, 37 pairs of strangers were asked to spend 10 minutes talking to each other about an interesting event that happened in their lives within the past month. Half of the participants were seated in a secluded area with a mobile device present on a desk nearby whereas the other half remained without a cellphone. The results of the study showed that those who had a mobile device nearby were perceived less positive by the stranger, compared to the other participants without a cell phone present.

In the second study, researchers included 34 different pairs of strangers who were asked to discuss trivial topics while others were asked to discuss significant events that occurred in their life. Half of the participants chatted with a mobile device while with the stranger and the other half had a notebook. The results of the study showed that those who spoke about significant events in their lives with a notebook present experienced a feeling of closeness and trust in the stranger, unlike those with a cell phone. "These results demonstrate that the presence of mobile phones can interfere with human relationships, an effect that is most clear when individuals are discussing personally meaningful topics," said the researchers of the study.

Increases Stress Levels. The high frequency of cell phone use can have negative effects on our stress levels. The constant ringing, vibrating alerts, and reminders can put a cell phone user on edge. In a study conducted at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, researchers examined if there is a direct link between the psychosocial aspects of cell phone use and mental health symptoms in young adults. The participants of the study included 20- to 24-year-olds who responded to a questionnaire, in addition to a one-year follow-up. Researchers found high mobile phone use was associated with stress and sleep disturbances for women, whereas high mobile phone use was associated with sleep disturbances and symptoms of depression in men. Overall, excessive cell phone use can be a risk factor for mental health issues in young adults.

Increases Risk of Illnesses in Your Immune System. The incessant touching of your phone can harbor germs on your handset. The greasy, oily residue you may see on your cellphone after a day's use can contain more disease-prone germs than those found on a toilet seat. In a study conducted at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and Queen Mary, University of London, researchers sampled 390 cell phones and hands to measure for levels of bacteria. The results of the study showed that 92 percent of the cell phones sampled had bacteria on them — 82 percent of hands had bacteria — and 16 percent of cell phones and hands had E. coli. Fecal matter can easily be transferred by cell phones from one person to another.

Increases Risk of Chronic Pain.  Cell phones require constant use of your hands, especially when sending text messages and e-mails. Responding to messages at rapid speed can cause pain and inflammation of your joints. Back pain is also common with increased cell phone use, especially if you hold the phone between your neck and shoulders as you multitask. "Long periods of cell phone use cause you to arch your neck and hold your body in a strange posture. This can lead to back pain," says Healthcentral.com.

Increases Risk Of Eye Vision Problems.  Staring at your mobile device can cause problems in your vision later in life. Screens on mobile devices tend to be smaller than computer screens, which means you are more likely to squint and strain your eyes while reading messages. According to The Vision Council, more than 70 percent of Americans don't know or are in denial that they are susceptible to digital eye strain.

4. Visual pollution
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_pollution
Updated: 2016-04-20T03:08Z

Visual pollution is an aesthetic issue and refers to the impacts of pollution that impair one's ability to enjoy a vista or view.

Visual pollution disturbs the visual areas of people by creating negative changes in the natural environment. Billboards, open storage of trash, space debris, telephone towers, electric wires, buildings and automobiles are forms of visual pollution. An overcrowding of an area causes visual pollution. Visual pollution is defined as the whole of irregular formations, which are mostly found in natural and built environments.

Effects of exposure to visual pollution include: distraction, eye fatigue, decreases in opinion diversity, and loss of identity.

Artificial tree to hide a mobile phone base station
Sources
By administrative negligence, local managers of urban areas lose control over what is built and assembled in public places. As businesses look for ways to increase profits, cleanliness, architecture, logic and use of space in urban areas are suffering from visual clutter. Variations in the environment are determined by the location of various objects. For example, public transport stations, garbage cans, large panels and stalls. Insensitivity of local administration is another cause for visual pollution. For example, poorly planned buildings and transportation systems create visual pollution. The increase in high-rise buildings brings negative change to the visual and physical characteristics of a city, which reduces the readability of the city and destroys natural environments.

Artificial cellphone towers are deceiving to the eye
Advertising is a mirror and shaper of public outlook, social behaviors and standards. A frequent criticism against advertising is that there is too much of it. However, with the introduction of new communication technologies the fragmentation and incentive nature of advertising methods will improve, reducing clutter. Thus, with the increase of mobile device usage, more money goes to advertising on social media websites and mobile apps. Vandalism, in the form of graffiti is defined as street markings, offensive and inappropriate messages made without the owner’s consent. Graffiti adds to visual clutter as it disturbs the view. Billboards are another example of excessive advertising. This form of visual pollution has been alleged to distract drivers, corrupt public taste, boost the infinite need of consumption and clutter the land. See highway beautification.

Natural Radiation Cycle

* Lesson on former Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid July 5, 2016