Friday, March 27, 2026

Ka Melly C Tenorio: Pioneer of People’s School-on-Air (Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid)

 Ka Melly C Tenorio: Pioneer of People’s School-on-Air  

(Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid) Winner of Gawad Florendo Award for Developmental Journalism

Original Title: The Indefatigable Ka Melly

Ka Melly C Tenorio is the pioneer, and the longest radio program host of a non-conventional approach in education in the Philippines based on “university without walls."  Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid or People’s School-on-Air grew from a local radio broadcast in the eighties to become an Internet-linked broadcast worldwide. The Program ended at the onset of the Duterte Administration.

                                                            Dr Abe V Rotor 
Radio Program Instructor
Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid 

Rocky Cliff of Media in acrylic by AVRotor for Ka Melly C Tenorio on her 65th birthday and day of retirement from government service.  December 2, 2017

Atop the Rocky Cliff of Media

You made it Ka Melly, you are now on top, 
though a dot in the vastness of your view ;
if only retirement could silence the mind,
but to write your life is challenge anew, 
for nothing is as fulfilling as your career 
to go on making life lovely and true.

Lessons I Learned from Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid (People's-School-on-Air) with Ka Melly C Tenorio

1. Ka Melly is a pioneer of a new kind of education. “University without walls,” Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid or People’s School-on-Air. 

2. I met Ka Melly for the first time in the eighties at the old building of ABS-CBN. I was invited as a resource person in her program. Gradually, through the years we developed a relationship of teacher and moderator which may be likened to a horse-and-carriage relationship.

Ka Melly and Ka Abe - PBH tandem for more than three decades 


3. Were it not for Ka Melly, Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid (PBH) could not be what it had become  as the longest continuing school-on-air on radio in the Philippines, which included places outside the country reached by PBS-RB network. 

4. And thanks to the Internet, PBH was able to reach out worldwide. Lessons were not only heard on radio but read on the Internet as organized lessons posted on Website which are easily accessible.  

5. Paaralang Bayan is broad, if fact limitless in potential topics and audience. On my part with Ka Melly, I was able to discuss and post around 4000 lessons. These are accessible in three websites, principally avrotor.blogspot.com. To this time, past lessons even before 2006 can be searched in this website by subject matter at any time.  


6. Topics cover the 8 Realms of Multiple Intelligence (spatial or visual art, logic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, languages, kinesthetics, music and naturalism) which aim at developing the "holistic” person, principally among the young, and practical subjects which supplement formal education, as well as experiential knowledge, social media notwithstanding.

 
DZRB-PBH staff at DZRB station with Station Manager Allan Allanigue 
(left photo, foreground).

7. There are times of excitement, times of caution (we avoid discussing as much as possible  politics and religion), of light moments, and times of serious concern. But there were times, I, in particular, entertained the thought “of what use am I doing this?” particularly because being a resource person is free and voluntary.

8. Until someone called me in the middle of the night and said, “Thank you Ka Abe and Ka Melly for saving my life. ”I couldn’t grasp a thing to relate his statement. I am not a life guard. I donated blood only once in my lifetime and that was a long time ago. I let him continue. "Your program stopped me at the brink of self-destruction." He mentioned a lesson, “Stop before you reach dead end,” and related topics.

9. I felt like a disciple of the Good Shepherd. And here the biblical Lost Lamb got into the picture, opening a new challenge and stronger determination as a journalist. It is indeed a philosophy on the highest humanitarian level. How many lost lambs are there in the world today?

10. And this is a fact. Quite often the lost lamb is not only the marginalized, but one who is learned, ambitious, and those on the fast lane locked up in a race without a name and goal. What would Ka Melly and I tell them. We talk about art, poetry, kind Nature, the lighter side of life, a kind of laughter from the heart. It’s Ka Melly’s signature of smiling-and-laughing, you could readily notice in her voice.

11. “All the world’s a stage.” Yet we can’t always be the principal characters. In media we are merely catalyst for people to act, and they must act rationally in their best. But sometimes we encounter overenthusiastic callers. It’s not unusual and this is where diplomacy comes in. Diplomacy in media is an art.  Ka Melly is a master of that art. Hour after hour and she seems indefatigable. I only know the source of her strength is her loving family, and her dedication to her career.

12. We are students in many ways. Someone called up to tell that eating plapla (hormone induced male tilapia) would cause hair to grow on the face and body. I thought it was all right, but then the caller was not a man but a lady who insisted she was talking based on personal experience. I began imagining the new species. I don’t know how Ka Melly closed the conversation to the caller’s seeming satisfaction, without us accepting her theory. It was hilarious behind screen but it prompted me to do research. Though controversial, the idea led me to do my homework with the premise that tinkering with Nature is very dangerous, and indeed it is.

13. There are difficult moments with media especially when you have little to say, or none at all. What with one straight hour without advertisement, and seldom a break for station ID? Monday to Friday – that’s five hours a week in a heavy traffic hour (air and road).

One time I was driving back to QC from DLSU DasmariƱas after an evening class lecture. PBH was hooked up with my car radio. Then Ka Melly called. I couldn't find a parking place. Finally I found one and of all places I was directed in front of a beer house. And you know, we talked of vices and one of them is smoking. Luckily I had the article “From Cigarette Smoking to Pipe Smoking – then I Stopped: A Personal Saga.” It turned out beautifully with sound effects coming from the beer house. There’s no substitute really to personal experience with on-the spot setting. I even got a free can of beer.

 
PBH Resource Persons (Top, clockwise) NCBA vice president for academic affairs and director for research with Ka Melly and Ka Abe and wife Cecille; UN-FAO ecologist and veteran journalist with Ka Abe; veteran broadcaster with Ka Abe and Cecille; and professors from SPU-QC;

14. Another experience, this time was in Virac, Catanduanes. I was a speaker on Environmental Conservation. "I’m here in Catanduanes," I called Ka Mely. I summarized the contents of some papers presented in lesson style. And having a few minutes remaining I gave to a seemingly knowledgeable participant a chance to say her piece. It was nearly a disaster. She was very critical and out of topic. I learned another lesson. Don’t just pick anyone to talk on radio. You can’t “unsay” what has been said, not even on his or her behalf.

15. There was a concert in Ateneo de Manila University which Ka Melly emceed. My Daughter Anna accompanied me on the violin. Actually I declined the invitation by a Jesuit brother, a regular PBH guest. But it was a rare opportunity and honor. Ka Melly was very fluent and confident as usual with her introduction, and she didn’t know how nervous I was. I told myself, if Ka Melly isn't nervous, why shouldn’t I, too? Things turned out all right. You can’t be your best unless you are a bit nervous, anxious, and fired with enthusiasm. After our rendition Ka Melly congratulated me and Anna. I was avoiding to extend my cold and sweaty hand. There are trials you must face in media. The term mapapasubo ka is actually mapapasubok ka.

16. Another time, I played the violin in the Radyo ng Bayan station booth, to demonstrate traditional and semi-classical music. This time I was all confident. But I didn’t perform as well as I did in the Ateneo concert. “Bravo!” applauded Ka Melly. If only Ka Melly knew I missed a number of notes and a line! (On second thought, I told myself, "Alam niya, mabait lang siya." But what about our thousands of listeners?)

17. I am always aware of the element of humility in media. I often refer to the Pieta. What makes the Pieta the "perfect" sculptural work of man is the essence of humility it exudes. When this early masterpiece of Michelangelo was struck with a sledge hammer by a madman, and later restored, more pilgrims were attracted to see it. It is now in a bullet-proof glass case in the Vatican, and the Pieta has found a place again in our troubled society. How many people are there in our times with the kind of reasoning of the madman, "When you can't acquire beauty your own alone, better destroy it so no one can truly own it?" How often is media led into this social quagmire!

     
Lessons in PBH are translated into Ilocano and published in Ka Abe's column Okeyka Apong (Our Heritage of Values and Lessons). Bannawag, counterpart of Liwayway (both mean dawn) is a weekly magazine with 50,000 copies per issue, half of which is shipped to Ilocano communities abroad. Okeyka Apong will be on its 12th year in 2018. Ka Abe right, with Bannawag Executive Editor. 
PBH and the Community Newspaper (Greater Lagro Gazette) which was awarded best barangay newspaper in QC.) The Gazette regularly publishes lessons with Ka Abe as president of LAWIN (Lagro Assn of Writers and Artists Inc). With him is the editor in chief of the Gazette and chairman of LAWIN.
 
PBH counterpart in Thailand - 
Sokhothai Thammathirat Open University (STOU), the first university in Southeast Asia to use the distance learning system;  Ka Abe in an interview at STOU 2008. With strong government support, PBH can be institutionalized like STOU with the country's present network of schools and universities. STOU has more than 200,000 students enrolled in different courses from vocational to medicine to graduate studies. Another Thai University has one-half million students in its "university-without-walls" program. All over the world, one of the biggest revolutions taking place is in media and education. PBH has greatly contributed to this movement. But we have yet to break the cartel of schools and universities gripping the educational system of our country.

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PBH won the Oscar Florendo Award for Developmental Communication, circa 1998; Philippine Award  for Best Blog on Nature and Environment in 2015 (PBH lessons are linked with the Internet), Gintong Aklat Award 2003, National Book Award 2008 (2 books in a series which carry PBH lessons; and Father Jose P Burgos Achievement Award, particularly on the aspect of media 2015). It is also for PBH that Ka Abe was awarded Outstanding Alumnus for Journalism by the Lyceum of the Philippine University on the recommendation of Manager Allan Allanigue. These awards and various citations demonstrate the dynamic and professional management of the DZRB-PBH through the years. Former Manager John Manalili also received various awards after his retirement.  
-------------------------------------------------------------- 
  
PBH participates in national conventions (left, on allergy), and training of teachers under the K-12 program
PBH is deeply involved in environmental conservation. Top, clockwise: global
warming, widespread poverty, overpopulation, and deforestation.
 
PBH takes part in children's feeding program, (left), and art workshop.
 
PBH conducts seminar-workshops with Barangay Greater Lagro QC, for senior citizens; and works with the academic community (UST Graduate School Students).

18. What would happen to PBH after Ka Melly?

First of all here is a cursory look into the lessons of PBH, by subject matter: Current Events, Food and nutrition, Ecology and Environment, Agriculture and Food, Practical Tips for Everyday Living, Science and Technology, Disaster Preparedness, Response and Recovery,

Medicine and Healthcare, Education and Training, Lighter Side of Life, Communication and Arts, Humanities and Applied Aesthetics, Morals and Ethics, Economics and Entrepreneurship, Family and Society, Biology and Related Life Sciences, Culture and Tradition, Industry and agribusiness, Personality Development.


The least discussed are Politics and Religion.

With the Website avrotor-blogspot.com (Living with Nature) (or Dr Abe V Rotor) these topics can still be accessed as short articles accompanied by photos and illustrations, and written in English, in simple style. These topics will remain accessible worldwide, perhaps for years, to visitors of the website. No other conditions are set, aside adhering to the genuine purpose of the lessons. acknowledgement of the source, and that the  Code of Ethics in Journalism, and conditions set by the Web are not violated.  

These lessons shall be phased out as PBH lessons, ultimately becoming independent articles linked to various websites - riding on the principle of Multiplier Effect. And new articles shall be added on regularly under avrotor.blogspot.com (Living with Nature, with two extended blogs). 

As long as there are visitors to these blogs, PBH lives on.  So does the indefatigable Ka Melly, who built Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid as an insitution.    
  
                                                For Ka Melly
                      The Plus Factors of a Happy and Fulfilled Life  
and - Yes, you will live long. 

Dr Abe V Rotor  

                           The Pond - A Place of Happy Thoughts, in acrylic AVRotor

When the sun rises, be there and catch its rays, pristine, golden piercing the fog and mist, turning dewdrops into diamonds cascading to the ground, vanishing into the air, birds chirping to herald the day - you will live long;

When the sun sets, it is but the parting of day, no tears no regrets, it goes to its bed on the horizon, and soon, you too shall find rest in comfort and thanksgiving, taking away the rigors of the day - you will live long;

When tired muscles and nerves, before they snag and pull you down, stop and let nature take over, you have a lot of reserve you don't only know - breath deep, relax and dream of the things you love - you will live long;

When in doubt and indecisive, cautious and anxious, these you must respect, they are within your barometer telling you to find the best path to take - and, if ever the risk is well deserved, take the less trodden with pride - you will live long;

When lost in the woods or in the concrete jungle, in eerie shadows among trees or blinding neon lights, stop but briefly for composure, but never stop, your home is just there waiting for you - you will live long;

When feeling sick you are sick, when angry you are angry, when lonely you are lonely; when happy you are happy, you are the master and captain of your life, steer your ship well having set its course - you will live long;

When the seasons are changing fast, you must be in love with your work, your life and family, your friends and organization - they make things easy for you, as you make things easy for them too, rejoice, it's a great life - you will live long;

When your pulse is racing with your heartbeat, temperature sending blood to your head, eyes blurred by tears and anger, your gait and stride now heavy and disturbing, your smiles and laughter leaving dry furrows, take a break, a long break - you will live long;


When sick doctors affirm, don't give up, the good hormones will drive the bad ones away, stem cells in your bone marrow will double up, metabolism slows down, enhance these natural processes, be happy - you will live long;

When you are yourself and not somebody else, when models rise to challenge you, when idealism and reality meet at the hallowed ground of humanity, where goodness prevails, be more than a witness, you have your own role to play - you will live long;

When life advances past your prime, look to the golden years, the best of life yet, believe in wisdom distilled from knowledge, in a diary you wrote as your living epitaph, for having borne children, the meaning of immortality - you will live long;

When the Angelus bell rings and you hear it not a peal but sweet call, when all around you gather your family and friends, those you found joy in helping - the hungry, the thirsty, the naked, the imprisoned, the lonely and abandoned - those you served on media as the Good Shepherd. you will live long, and forever live. ~

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"Education is the most powerful weapon which 
you can use  to change the world." - Nelson Mandela
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Thursday, March 26, 2026

“The Customer is Always Right.” 20 Ways Customers Protect and Exercise their Rights

  “The Customer is Always Right” 

20 Ways Customers Protect and Exercise their Rights

Dr Abe V. Rotor 
Living with Nature School on Blog

Homemade products - padas bagoong, puto seko, patupat, suman, tupig, and the like, are sold around Our Lady of Manaoag Shrine in Pangasinan. Typical "flea market" called talipapa or tiangge, most products - and services - come from the village.It is agribusiness and biotechnology at the grassroots.


Suki system, typically Oriental style, means mutual trust, an
enduring relationship between seller and buyer.

1. Save, save, save – primordial motto.
• There’s a rhyme built in the motto so that you are always reminded of it.
• What do you save? Money of course, and all things that money can buy, or measured, from electricity to food, dropping a habit like smoking and drinking, walking instead of taking the tricycle.
• When do you save? It is for the rainy day, as in Aesop’s fable. During periods of plenty, whenever possible.
• Where do you save? First, at home. In the office, school, while traveling, while in company of friends, at work.
• There is nothing so small to be unimportant in savings. Cents make pesos and pesos make a hundred, a thousand, a million. Savings grows like tree that bear fruits.

2. Distinguish what you need from what you want.
• You need a car; you want a Mercedes – that’s how you differentiate the two.
• Needs are based on necessity; want on luxury. Most often we go for things beyond necessity.
• What you want is more expensive in most cases than what you need. Needs are bare, wants are elaborate.
• Need is easier to satisfy; want satisfies appeal – and appeal is subjective; it is infinite.
• Classify which is need or want from a list of products and services. Make two vertical columns, and make a comparative list. If you do it accurate you will be amazed at how you saved yourself from unnecessary expenditures, how you unburdened yourself with obligations, avoided potential waste.

3. Promos and bargains – beware of the hitch.
• New products are aggressively introduced into the market. Slow moving items must go. Expired goods (or about to) are virtually useless, and they are dangerous to use or consume. And here you are - a fish ready to bite. Don’t.
• Promos may be habit forming. Imagine what happens next after the promo is over.
• Bargain, bargain! Sale, sale! Has there been a time or place without sale? Whether its really bargain or sale or not. It is a universal strategy.
• Larger container, added weight, improved taste, stronger formula – how can these products sell at bargain when their cost of production is higher?

4. Don't yield to Bilmoko syndrome.
• Ibili mo ako, Nay. And your kid tantrums if you don’t. Don’t give in. Never, because once you do, you parent is trapped for life. Your child becomes your master.
• Bilmoko is a syndrome created by our capitalistic world. It thrives on young people from kinder to teenagers. They are the agents of consumerism, and consumerism is the main pillar or capitalism.
• Spend an hour (sorry, a day) in a mall, visit a gift center, a book store, a coffee shop or bar (which used to be for adult males), gym, attend a fiesta – you will be feel you are out of place if you are a senior citizen. It’s a kingdom of young people, yearning for goods and commodities that appeal to them. Ours is indeed a world of the young.
• With increasing population on one hand and longevity on the other you will find two kinds of diapers, vitamins, china wares, and the like.

5. Impulse Buying: Don’t trust on impulse.
• Here is a guide to follow to avoid this trap.
a. What benefit do you get from it?
b. Can you do without it?
c. Do you have the budget?
d. Does it really fit well into your present situation?
e. Do you really need it?
f. Take time to decide. Time is the mother of change.
h. If these criteria pass, then you have decided well.

6. Don’t be mesmerized by the magic of computerization.
• “It is easier to plant rice and get a good yield on the computer than on the field.” Thus the saying goes. Which means, things look beautiful on the computer.
• We place high confidence on computers as if they are fail safe, they are accurate and up-to-date.
• Review your bills (Meralco, Manila Water, etc.). Here is a guide
a. Be sure you receive you bill on time.
b. Check on its genuineness and veracity.
c. Check your meter reading and compare with that in
your bill. Do this with Meralco and Manila Water.
d. Meter reading is easy to learn. If your meter is defective (or if
you suspect it is) report to the nearest branch or office concerned.
e. Don’t settle for average consumption, if your meter is defective
(or in its absence)
f. Be keen with hidden costs and possible errors. Check time and
length of call, origin and callers, in the case of PLDT.
g. Pay only to legitimate/authorized collectors offices.
• Check the price of each menu before or order in a restaurant, and list it down. Show to the waiter and be sure he understands it. This will be the basis of how much to pay after, and the basis of discounts (such as Senior Citizens’).
• Computerized receipts are supposed to be BIR registered. Demand of this kind of receipt. Conventional receipts should be likewise BIR registered.
• Computerized offers, estimates, briefings, are usually elaborated. Get the gist. Go Ask, “Ano nga ba, kuya?” (What is it really.)

7. Don’t fall victims of overpricing, underselling, fake goods, ghost sales.
• Don’t be too trusting. Don’t become unwilling victim of opportunists and rogues.
• Don’t be in a hurry to buy anything. This is where you are most vulnerable. My daughter Anna bought Buko Pie from a sidewalk vendor, P80 each, for pasabulong. She was not only cheated, she was embarrassed.
• Beware of budol-budol, a modus operandi of a gang operating on the unwary. You are supposed to be paid in huge amount for something you have – all through sweet talks.
• Underweighing of meat, fish etc.; kaing of fruits with inferior ones inside, diluted products – name it and the rogues have it. Beware.
• Two gives, three gives; installment plans – these in the long run are very expensive. Compare if you cash what you are buying. Or with other terms.

8. Keep out of spurious contracts, unilateral MOAs, down payments, initial deposits, payments-in-kind.
• Don’t enter into contract without proper advice. Get a second opinion or third. Look first into its legal aspect.
• Advance payments may have hidden motives. It ties you up. It reduces if not take out your bargaining power. Example: Divisoria traders advance payment of the crops you will produce. Such as cabbage but on condition that you sell your produce at a contracted price.
• Initial deposits may turn out unrefundable.
• Memorandum of Agreement must be bilateral. Don’t be an underdog.
• Utang, Puro Utang: Avoid Credit, cash it.
• Swaping is both art and luck. Good luck.

9. Ukay-ukay: people’s system of changing hands in ownership.
• Garage sale is in; it may be good to look around, but remember these are second hand goods.
• Plan a collective garage sale with your friends or neighbors, for variety and impact. You will be relieved of so many things you don’t need, converting them into money or investment.
• But be benevolent. There are possessions better to give as gifts or donations, than to convert them into cash. Remenber the victim of calamities, poor children in Christmas.
• Budget can be stretched longer with second hands. Leaving migrants will gladly do away with possessions they can’t take with them at bargain price. Second hand books are much cheaper.
• Antiques are priceless, yet you may find your luck in second hand stores.

10. The other side of Advertisements: part truth, more lies.
• They say only 10 percent is true in advertisement. This is over exaggerated. There are advertisements that are genuine and sincere. But a great many merely paints a rosy garden.
• Advertising appeals to the weakness of human nature – emotion. It thrives on conditioned learning (psychological thirst).
• Advertisement is applied aesthetics, you are captive of your own desires.
• Do not patronize the following ads and their kind:
a. Nakatikim ka ban g 15? (Napoleon Brandy, Limtuaco)
b. Family praying before meals, father and children and father disrespect.
(Mama Cita)
c. Sexy ads like Axe, White Horse, Nivea,
d. Dangerous ads – pain killers.

Make a list of three kinds of ads: Distasteful, Deceitful ads, Educational ads.

11. Remember the 8Rs in Resource Management
• Reserve
• Reduce
• Resort (alternatives)
• Reproduce
• Restore (repair)
• Recycle
• Rotate
• Revere

12. Planned Obsolescence: things are no more for keeps.
13. Distinguish Functional from Aesthetic design.
14. Maximize value of products and services.
15. Produce, rather than Buy.
16. Don’t allow yourself the guinea pig of new products and services.
17. Regulate your shopping. The less you do it, the better.
18. Live within your means; don’t keep up with the Joneses.
19. Austerity and frugality are time tested virtues of man and his society. 
20. Uphold the "Do it yourself culture." Set the example. Be a handyman at home. ~

Live thing tilapia caught from the La Mesa Dam, QC

Lesson on former 
Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid (People's School-on-Air) with Ms Melly C Tenorio 
738 DZRB AM Band, 8 to 9 evening class Monday to Friday
Reference: Living with Nature Handbook, AVRotor, UST

Tuesday, March 24, 2026

Usapang Bayan: In Observance of World Water Day March 22, 2026: 12 Principles of Water Conservation and Utilization

Usapang Bayan: In Observance of World Water Day March 22, 2026
12 Principles of Water Conservation 
and Utilization 

 
Ms Melly C Tenorio, host, and Dr Abe V Rotor, guest

Drought is engulfing the land. Let us conserve and use water wisely! In June-August 2026, El NiƱo* is likely to emerge (62% chance) and persist through at least the end of 2026.

Dr Abe V Rotor



Siargao Waterfalls, Surigao. wall mural by Anna Christina Rotor and the author at St Paul College Surigao, 2006. Impounding water downstream before it reaches the sea supplies potable and
irrigation needs. 

NOTE: The mural has been permanently removed to give way to construction and rehabilitation.

1. Monsoon rains generally come in June to October.
Conserve water during this period for use in the dry season. Consult the rainfall pattern in your area.

2. A region or a particular geographic area may possess a micro-climate of its own, and therefore a distinct rainfall pattern. Be guided by this sub-type of climate in the conservation and utilization of water as determined by the following factors:

A. Elevation – The higher the elevation, the cooler is the environment. There is more rainfall and thick vegetation. Examples: Benguet, Mt. Apo, Kanlaon, Bulusan

B. Presence of natural barriers – The Cordillera mountain range separates the Ilocos provinces and the Cagayan Valley into two sub-types of climate. The Sierra Madre mountain range has a similar effect.

C. Position and closeness to large bodies of water – Samar and Leyte Islands have three micro-climates owing to the varied conditions brought by the surrounding sea as well as the presence of mountains and a large swamp – the Sab- A Basin.

D. Forest cover – The thicker and more extensive the primary forest cover, the higher is the precipitation or rainfall falling in and around the area. Examples: Mt. Makiling, parts of Mindanao, Isabela and Palawan still covered by original forests.

3. In the Philippines our main supply of freshwater comes from three sources
- lakes, swamps and ponds;
- rivers and streams; and
- springs and ground water.

A. Take care of these sources and use them wisely. Lakes (e.g. Laguna de Bay, Paoay Lake, Taal Lake), and swamps (e.g. Liguasan Marsh, Sab-A Basin) are made up of a complex system network of watershed, tributaries and distributaries. Watershed (supplies water and maintains stability of the lake/swamp). Tributaries(rivers and streams feed the lake/swamp) Distributaries(rivers and streams drain off excess water). Management should be holistic, treating the system on the basis of inter-relationships among its parts.

A pond has similar basic structures although it is generally shallow and intermittent, its system very much simpler and reduced. A swamp, compared to a lake, is a water-logged area, usually a basin, thickly vegetated, rich in organic matter deposits such as muck and peat. Natural reservoirs maintain a desirable amount of ground water for agriculture and domestic use.)

B. Rivers and streams conduct runoff/surface water. Their load can be tapped for future use through impounding, especially those which directly run to the sea and dry up after the rainy season. Great potentials for large supply of freshwater await in our major rivers like the Agno River, Tagum River, Aparri River, Mindanao River, Pampanga River, and Agusan River.

4. An efficient watershed maintains the stability of a water reservoir whether it is natural or man made by
 Providing protection against erosion and siltation,
 Increasing the rate of water absorption and impounding,
 Inducing rainfall, and
 Keeping the surroundings cool and reducing evaporation.

A. Erosion and siltation work in tandem. Silt is carried down by water from eroded areas. Deposition causes clogging of waterways, and the silting of farms. It exacerbates flooding, reducing the life of dams, decreases crop yield.

B. Water absorption and conservation of ground water are enhanced by well-maintained watersheds.

5. A micro-climate is created within efficient watershed areas which is conducive to cloud formation and consequent precipitation. This is mainly the result of increased relative humidity and reduced evaporation.
  • Favorable cloud formation
  • Transpiration/  Precipitation
  • High relative humidity
  • Good Forest 
  • Live Streams
  • Sufficient gound water
Water supply is enhanced by forests and woodlands (man-made forests) through

 Higher rate of rainfall (tropical rain forest is so-called because rain occurs frequently, if not daily, in and around tropical forests, such as Mt. Makiling.
 Fuller rivers, streams and natural springs,
 Abundant amount of ground water and fuller aquifers.

A. A forest has a multi-storey structure which is very efficient in water conservation, and solar and space utilization. Organic matter built on the forest floor helps conserve water like sponge.

B. The forest cover conserves water and keeps it underground for future use. It slows down water flow thereby increasing the rate of water absorption. The roots of trees help maintain s desirable water level in the ground and fuller aquifers (underground rivers). All these enhance the life of rivers, streams and natural springs.

6. Water impounding in the tropics is a common practice in agriculture, fisheries, power generation, recreation, industry (e.g water coolant), and for domestic use. Commonly adopted designs are based on these models:

 Dam (e.g. Ambuklao, Binga, Angat, Lamesa, Pantabangan, Chico)
 Pond (e.g. farm pond, communal water impounding projects)
 Terrace (e.g. Banaue rice terraces gravity irrigation) and
 Series of catchments (China’s model)

A. A large reservoirs are very expensive and require extensive areas. They are characterized by high technology and maintenance requirements. Our major dams are suffering from heavy siltation which have drastically reduced their capacity and life.

B. Ponds are mainly for individual use in small and medium farms. Small communal reservoirs projects are popular in Iloilo and in many parts of the country but many of them are not properly managed. Such projects are designed for cooperative farming. One project in Iloilo has 5-ha reservoir, 100-ha watershed, and a service area of 50 hectares, cultivated by some 30 farmers.

C. Water Impounding on the Banaue rice terraces is a classical example of a very efficient water management system. Rainwater is trapped in each of the hundreds of terraced ricefields which then act as a reservoir until the crop is harvested. Through gravity irrigation system paddy water is regulated. Excess water is conducted to the lower paddies and ultimately to the gorge which serves as the main drain.

D. A series of small catchments built along the length of a river conserves virtually all the water that would otherwise go to waste. This system of water impounding is built on intermittent rivers and streams of certain parts of the People’s Republic of China where the rainy season is short leaving the place dry the rest of the year.

7. Where irrigation water is limited, the principle of comparative advantage should be applied. Considering other things equal, choose the crop which gives the highest level of water utilization and returns on investment.

Economics of water utilization during the dry season: 20,000 Cubic Meters is the water Requirement of 1 hectare rice, 3 ha corn and 5 to 6 ha Legumes/Bean

8. In recycling water for farm, industry and domestic use follow the principles governing Nature’s Water Cycle, namely

 Water is transformed into three states of matter – solid, liquid and gas. In the process of transformation, water is separated from other substances and impurities.

Examples: to distilling water, the impurities are left behind. Much of the rain which falls on land comes from clouds formed at sea. The process of destination follows the principle.

 While water cleans, it has also the inherent power of “cleansing itself”.

Examples: Organic matter settles at the bottom of lakes, leaving the water clear and clean. Similarly after heavy downpour, silt and clay settle down leaving the water clear. Natural springs rarely need the attention of man.

 There are certain biological and physical, including geologic and chemical processes which enhance water recycling.

Examples: Aquatic plants maintain a desirable supply of oxygen in water. In sewage treatment, water passes through a series of tanks/pools until it goes out safe and functional again. Aquifers are natural underground reservoirs and filters.

9. Water pollution exacerbates water shortage. Minimize, if not prevent, the pollution of our water supply by

 Using biodegradable materials,
There are now biodegradable plastics. Coconut oil-based detergents are preferred. So with organic fertilizer over chemical fertilizer. Botanical pesticides leave little or no toxic residue.

 Reducing pollutants,
Reduced emission of gases which combine with atmospheric water to form “acid rain”. Clear watershed and waterways from all forms of garbage. Prevent clogging and water-logging as these favor accumulation of wastes and increase the effects of pollution. More strict laws on oil spill.

 Practicing cleanliness and sanitation,
Proper garbage disposal. Keep industrial wastes away from water sources. Implement a shanty-free estero program. Impose strict sanitation in public markets, and “talipapa”/ flea markets. Strictly implement anti-pollution laws in factories, homes and motor vehicles.

 Banning dangerous pollutants
Uphold the anti-nuclear constitutional provision to prevent radioactive fallout incident. Radioactive wastes must be disposed following international safety standards. Permanently ban the “Dirty Dozen” pesticides. Use only unleaded gasoline. Regulate use and disposal of mercury compounds.

 Planning our community, and
Residential and industrial zoning. Strictly implement building and housing policies of the National Housing Authority, DPWH, local governments, etc, Ecology village concept, Decongest urban centers and promote rural living.

 Educating the public.
National Geographic and Nature-Life TV series, DENR media programs on environment, Kalikasan publications, DA and DOST programs on agro-ecology. Include ecology in the school curriculum on all levels. Ban ads of products which contribute to environmental degradation.

10. As the flow of our rivers gets less, our lakes subside, and ground water sinks deeper, saltwater intrusion increase spoiling our farms, springs and wells, rivers, streams and ponds. Ward off saltwater intrusion by

 Preserving the mangrove forests
Mangroves are frontliners against tides and sea currents. They are natural riprap builders and they moderate the rate of flow and mixing of seawater and freshwater at the estuaries.

 Reforestation of mountains and watersheds
Flash floods are frequent where trees have been cut. Runoff water cuts river banks, makes waterways shallow and at the mouth of rivers mudflats are formed. With reduced flown of rivers, seawater intrudes island and underground. In many parts of the country, intrusion is noted in farms as far as 10 km inland.

 Preventing siltation and pirating of rivers
River banks must be protected with trees. Residential areas must kept away from river banks. Farming along rivers and around bodies of water must be controlled, specially if it contributes to erosion and siltation. Farm chemicals drain into rivers and lakes specially if it rains. Reclaiming and pirating beaches, estuaries, rivers and streams should be strictly prohibited. Major obstructions are illegally constructed fishponds, rest houses and shanties.

 Dredging waterways
Many of the rivers are heavily silted and dredging is necessary. This is specially true in and around big urban centers. Illegal dikes and structures must be removed and strict garbage disposal enforced.

 Regulating the drawing of underground water and the damming of rivers
Water rights regulate the rate of drawing water from the ground and rivers. However, this is not being implemented strictly. Too much withdrawal predisposes saltwater intrusion. Many wells and rivers in summer turn saline.

11. Modern technology has developed new ways of tapping and recycling freshwater by means of

 Towing icebergs,
Icebergs are towed hundreds of miles to countries in need of freshwater.

 Desalination of seawater,
Freshwater is produced from seawater through the principle of distillation. To reduce cost, solar energy has replaced conventional fuel. Israel adopts desalination for its agriculture.


 Cloud seeding and inducing rainfall photo
Rain-inducing compounds are used by airplanes to seed rain clouds. Technology has increased the efficiency of cloud seeding.

 Bottling spring and mineral water, and
Due to dwindling natural supply of safe freshwater, bottling spring and mineral water has become in the last twenty years a booming industry in large urban centers. A chilled 250-ml spring water sells at 15.oo php on university campuses in Manila.

 Re-processing used water.
Unlike the conventional filtration-aeration-chlorination process, used water is recycled for domestic use through a complex purification process in big cities.

12. Everybody should share in the common responsibility to use and conserve water wisely by means of

 Avoiding wasteful use of water
List down ways to save water. These include such simple means as repairing leaky faucets and pipes, to adopting a systematic program in household management.

 Impounding rain and surface water
Residents in small islands depend largely on rain. Their houses are equipped with special gutters and storage jars to trap and store rainwater.

 Maintaining ecological balance
List down all the ways to help preserve the environment to enhance the adequacy of freshwater supply from wells, rivers, springs, etc. Refer to the foregoing principles. ~
______________
Briefing outline presented by the author as adviser to the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Food, 1993. 

* El NiƱo is a natural climate phenomenon characterized by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, recurring every 2–7 years. It weakens trade winds, shifting rainfall patterns globally, often causing drought in the western Pacific (Australia, SE Asia) and heavy rainfall in Peru and the Southern U.S. - NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Internet

Acknowledgement with gratitude: Internet Photos and their sources

DON'T KILL THE PALM TREES THIS PALM SUNDAY, March 29, 2026!

  DON'T KILL THE PALM TREES THIS PALM SUNDAY MARCH 29, 2026! An Appeal to Christendom. Plant Trees Instead 


Dr Abe V Rotor

Please don't destroy Nature. Don't kill the palm trees and endangered species (Cycads, buri, anahaw, others).

March 29, 2026 Palm Sunday. Christian observance commemorating Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem. It marks the beginning of Holy Week, the final week of Lent leading up to Easter.

This is also an appeal addressed to the Church, the DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources) and other agencies whose functions are related. Ostentatious celebration of Palm Sunday is detrimental to the coconut industry, and the endangerment, if not extinction of palms, among them buri and anahaw - and the living fossil Cycad or oliva.

 
Notice that most of the palaspas held by the faithful are young 
leaves or bud leaves of coconut and buri.

 
Palaspas in different designs made of young leaves of coconut, and the endangered buri (Corypha elata) and anahaw (Livistona rotondifolia) species, are sold in the open on Palm Sunday. A large percentage of palaspas ends in waste which otherwise could be made into gainful products.

How can we help save the palm trees?

1. Don't patronize palaspas made of young or bud leaves (white to yellow green to pale green, supple and easy to wilt).

2. Get only those with deep green color - they are of mature leaves. There is not much harm to tree, if the number of leaves harvested is regulated. Heavily pruned trees recover slow and their fruiting is drastically affected.

3. Never buy palaspas made from whole leaves of oliva and other Cycad species - they are highly endangered. Actually they are living fossils, older than the dinosaur.

4. Reject also buri, it is the raw material of home industries making mats, buntal hat, bags, decors, broom, and many others. You will be depriving
 hundreds of families of their livelihood.

5. Anahaw, nipa (Nypha frutescens)bunga (Areca catechu), sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) likewise provide the industries of many more families. They are the sources of alcohol, wine, vinegar, brushes, fabric and cordage, medicine and drugs, fuel and activated charcoal, and many others. You can be of great help to these industries and thousands of people depending on them.

6. Why carry a whole bunch of palaspas when a handy size or even "feather-size" for that matter is sufficient to manifest sincere devotion?

7. One palaspas for a family is enough, not one for each member. Save the trees, save money and effort, and avoid thrash. Have you noticed how unsold palaspas are thrown away or burned?

8. Use substitute materials, like ornamental palms - palmera, red palm, bunga de Jolo, MacArthur palm, and several species of Pinanga and Orania. The reason palm is used on Palm Sunday is because in the place of Christ in His time, few plants survive the harsh desert condition - date palm and olive among them which grow in oases, pockets of spring in the desert.

9. Your effort in this campaign can be translated in practical economics and ecological significance. The coconut is the source of many products from walis tingting (broom made of midribs), to virgin coconut oil. There are one-hundred-and-one coconut products. Its ecological significance is tremendous. It's one crop you don't take care at all. It ripraps the shorelines from tidal wave and rising sea level. Physiologically the coconut plant can filter off toxic metals, pesticide residues, hydrocarbon compounds, and other toxic substances. No crop is more versatile worldwide - and the Philippines is endowed with this gift of nature.

10. Talk to your priest or minister, take this matter up with your church organizations. Be assertive, this is vital to our environmental and socio economic problems. Support this campaign collectively, as a community effort. Course it through the heirarchy of the church, if necessary. Make press releases and broadcast on TV and radio.
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Palm trees are the frontliners on shorelines and estuaries against tidal wave and tsunami as observed with coconut trees riprapping the land from sea, nipa grove blanketing deltas and mudflat arresting soil from being washed away to the sea. They provide a nursery and sanctuary to both terrestrial and marine organisms.
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How much do we lose from a single coconut tree sacrificed on one occasion?

A fruiting coconut normally lives for twenty years, others twice as long. Nuts are harvested every two months with 10 nuts to as many as 30. Young nuts (buko) are sold P30 each); commercial mature nuts for copra (to be made into vegetable oil) sell for the same price, ex-farm.

Here is an actual case: Buko at P30, and 100 nuts harvested a year is worth P3,000. Double the yield or the price means P6,000 a year. That's P60,000 for ten years for a single tree. Double that if the tree lives for another ten years.

NOTE: Please adjust currency rate to present 60P to 1US$.  Add inflation rate, 5% on the average yearly. Data presented is based on 2010 figures.
    
For mature nuts (picked up on the farm), the farmer gets half the value, but he simply waits for the nuts to mature. Meantime, he plants between the nuts cash crops and high value crops (coffee, cacao, papaya, root crops, vegetables lanzones) and gets additional, if not more income. This is only possible in a coconut grove.
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A coconut plantation is the only man-made agricultural ecosystem with a very high biodiversity that can be sustained generation after generation. (AVR)
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It is safe to estimate that on just one occasion when thousands and thousands of coconut trees in the tropics are sacrificed, the potential loss runs to hundreds of millions of dollars. It means poverty and death, erosion and landslide, loss of shorelines and farmlands, deprivation of people from the opportunities to enjoy the good life.

Let's join the campaign: Let's save the palm trees on Palm Sunday (and thereafter, for that matter).
 
LEFT PHOTO: A stand of buri palm.  A buri palm lives up to a century. Before it dies, it profusely produces an inflorescence that turns out thousands of nuts. The nuts are transported by water and animals to new places where they germinate and grow. It takes at least five years to gain a niche in the new place. 

RIGHT PHOTO: Cycad or Oliva, is older than the extinct dinosaurs, hence it is called living fossil. During the Triassic and Jurassic periods, the time of their greatest population density and diversity, cycads made up 20% of the world's flora. Photo taken by the author in Lagro, QC. NOTE: This tree was killed by palaspas gatherers. 

Article from Paper read during the Capiz Archdiocesan Gathering of the Clergy by the author as Conference Speaker August 4, 2011.
Reference: Living with Nature Book Series, A V Rotor, UST Publishing House