Lesson on TATAKalikasan in 6 Parts: Special Feature, Kaliwa Dam, Sierra Madre (September 26,2024)

Lesson on TATAKalikasan Ateneo de Manila University

97.8 FM Radyo Katipunan, 11 to 12 a.m. Thursday

Special Feature, Kaliwa Dam, Sierra Madre 

Save Sierra Madre Day, Sept 26, 2024 

Continuation, Water Management: Conservation and Utilization

"Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink." - From Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge 

Part 1 - The 12 Principles in Water Management in Outline

Part 2 - Water Crisis: The La Mesa Dam - Heart of the Angat-Ipo-

              La Mesa Water System

Part 3 - We are in the Midst of El Niño Phenomenon

Part 4 - Harvesting Rainwater: The Art and Practice

Part 5 - A Shade of Noah’s Flood.

Part 6 - Legacy of Old Faithful Bubon'

ANNEX _ Kaliwa Dam, Sierra Madre

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Save Sierra Madre Day is observed on September 26th of every year. It was declared by then President Benigno Aquino III in 2012 through Proclamation No. 413. The day is meant to remind Filipinos of the dangers which a lack of concern and action for the Sierra Madre Mountains may bring about.

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                                                  Dr Abe V Rotor

Living with Nature - School on Blog

Co-Host, Fr JM Manzano SJ, and Prof. Emoy Rodolfo, AdMU

Guest: Former Commissioner Ramcy Astoveza, National Commission 

of Indigenous People (NCIP)

                        

Bring Home the Waterfalls wall mural, by AVRotor, San Vicente Botanical Garden

Part 1:  Twelve (12) Principles of Water Conservation 

             and Utilization

This article is very timely as a guide to water management with the current dry season. Habagat (rainy season) had long ended, we are now in midst of amihan (dry season), and aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.  

 

Left, Angat Dam in Bulacan; La Mesa Dam in Novaliches QC

 

Bantaoay River, San Vicente, Ilocos Sur. (Site of the Basi Revolt in 1807)

Amadeo Waterfalls, Cavite

1. Monsoon rains generally come in June to October- Habagat. The rest of the year is considered dry. Amihan season occurs during the cool months of October to February. The driest months are March and April, and recently May. Let us conserve water particularly during the dry season.

Rainfall pattern

N D J F M A    M J J A S O

Dry Season / Wet Season

2. A region or a particular geographic area may possess a micro-climate of its own, and therefore, a distinct rainfall pattern. Let's be guided by this sub-type of climate in the conservation and utilization of water.

Factors Creating a Sub-type of Climate

• Elevation – The higher the elevation, the cooler is the environment. There is more rainfall and thicker vegetation. Examples: Benguet, Mt. Apo, Kanlaon, Bulusan

• Presence of natural barriers – The Cordillera mountain range separates the Ilocos provinces and the Cagayan Valley into two sub-types of climate. The Sierra Madre mountain range has a similar effect.

• Position and closeness to large bodies of water – Samar and Leyte Islands have three micro-climates owing to the varied conditions brought by the surrounding sea as well as the presence of mountains and a large swamp – the Sab- A Basin.

• Forest cover – The thicker and more extensive the primary forest cover, the higher is the precipitation or rainfall falling in and around the area. Examples: Mt. Makiling, parts of Mindanao, Isabela and Palawan still covered by original forests.

3. In the Philippines our main supply of freshwater comes from lakes, swamps and ponds; rivers and streams; and springs and ground water.

Let's take care of these sources and use them wisely following these guidelines.

A. Lakes (e.g. Laguna de Bay, Paoay Lake, Taal Lake), and swamps (e.g. Liguasan Marsh, Sab-A Basin) are made up of a complex system network of watershed, tributaries and distributaries. Watershed supplies water and maintains stability of a lake or swamp. Management should be holistic, treating the system on the basis of inter-relationships among its parts.

A pond has similar basic structures although it is generally shallow and intermittent, its system very much simpler and reduced. A swamp, compared to a lake, is a water-logged area, usually a basin, thickly vegetated, rich in organic matter deposits such as muck and peat. Natural reservoirs maintain a desirable amount of ground water for agriculture and domestic use.)

 

Integrity of the watershed is the key to full ponds and rivers and abundance of groundwater.. 

Paintings by AV Rotor

B. Rivers and streams conduct runoff/surface water. Their load can be tapped for future use through impounding, especially those which directly run to the sea and dry up after the rainy season. Great potentials for large supply of freshwater await in our major rivers like the Agno River, Tagum River, Aparri River, Mindanao River, Pampanga River, and Agusan River.

4. An efficient watershed maintains the stability of a water reservoir whether it is natural or man made by

• Providing protection against erosion and siltation,
• Increasing the rate of water absorption and impounding,
• Inducing rainfall, and
• Keeping the surroundings cool and reducing evaporation.

A. Erosion and siltation work in tandem. Silt is carried down by water from eroded areas. Deposition causes clogging of waterways, and the silting of farms. It exacerbates flooding, reducing the life of dams, decreases crop yield.

B. Water absorption and conservation of ground water are enhanced by well-maintained watersheds.

C. A micro-climate is created within efficient watershed areas which is conducive to cloud formation and consequent precipitation. This is mainly the result of increased relative humidity and reduced evaporation.

5. Water supply is enhanced by forests and woodlands (man-made forests) through

• Higher rate of rainfall (tropical rain forest is so-called because rain occurs frequently, if not daily, in and around tropical forests, such as Mt. Makiling.
• Fuller rivers, streams and natural springs,
• Abundant amount of ground water and fuller aquifers.

A pristine landscape provides an ideal ground for camping, now 

an endangered hobby in postmodern times. Painting in acrylic by AV Rotor. 

A. A forest has a multi-storey structure that is very efficient in water conservation, and solar and space utilization. Organic matter built on the forest floor helps conserve water like sponge.

• Emergent tree
• Canopy layers
• Lianas & epiphytes
• Bushes; shrubs
• Ground plants

B. The forest cover conserves water and keeps it underground for future use. It slows down water flow thereby increasing the rate of water absorption. The roots of trees help maintain s desirable water level in the ground and fuller aquifers (underground rivers). All these enhance the life of rivers, streams and natural springs.

6. Water impounding in the tropics is a common practice in agriculture, fisheries, power generation, recreation, industry (e.g water coolant), and for domestic use. Commonly adopted designs are based on these models:

• Dam (e.g. Ambuklao, Binga, Angat, Lamesa, Pantabangan, Chico)
• Pond (e.g. farm pond, communal water impounding projects)
• Terrace (e.g. Banaue rice terraces gravity irrigation) and
• Series of catchments (China’s model)

A. Large water reservoirs are very expensive and require extensive areas. They are characterized by high technology and maintenance requirements. Our major dams are suffering from heavy siltation which have drastically reduced their capacity and life.

B. Ponds are mainly for individual use in small and medium farms. Small communal reservoirs projects are popular in Iloilo and in many parts of the country but many of them are not properly managed. Such projects are designed for cooperative farming. One project in Iloilo has 5-ha reservoir, 100-ha watershed, and a service area of 50 hectares, cultivated by some 30 farmers.

C. Water Impounding on the Banaue rice terraces is a classical example of a very efficient water management system. Rainwater is trapped in each of the hundreds of terraced ricefields which then act as a reservoir until the crop is harvested. Through gravity irrigation system paddy water is regulated. Excess water is conducted to the lower paddies and ultimately to the gorge which serves as the main drain.

• Precipitation
• Forest Cover
• Upper terraces
• Lower terraces
• Gorge/River

D. A series of small catchments built along the length of a river conserves virtually all the water that would otherwise go to waste. This system of water impounding is built on intermittent rivers and streams of certain parts of the People’s Republic of China where the rainy season is short leaving the place dry the rest of the year.

7. Where irrigation water is limited, the principle of comparative advantage should be applied. Considering other things equal, choose the crop that gives the highest level of water utilization and returns on investment.

Economics of water utilization during the dry season:

20,000 cubic meters - water requirement of

• 1 ha of Rice
• 3 ha of Corn
• 5 to 6 ha of Bean

8. In recycling water for farm, industry and domestic use follow the principles governing Nature’s Water Cycle, namely

• Water is transformed into three states of matter – solid, liquid and gas. In the process of transformation, water is separated from other substances and impurities.

Examples: In distilling water, the impurities are left behind. Much of the rain which falls on land comes from clouds formed at sea. The process of desalination follows this principle.

• While water cleans, it has also the inherent power of “cleansing itself”.

Examples: Organic matter settles at the bottom of lakes, leaving the water clear and clean. Similarly after heavy downpour, silt and clay settle down leaving the water clear. Natural springs rarely need the attention of man.

• There are certain biological and physical, including geologic and chemical processes that enhance water recycling.

Examples: Aquatic plants maintain a desirable supply of oxygen in water. In sewage treatment, water passes through a series of tanks/pools until it goes out safe and functional again.

* Aquifers are natural underground reservoirs and filters.

9. Water pollution exacerbates water shortage. Let's minimize, if not prevent, the pollution of our water supply by using biodegradable materials.

Forest Fire in acrylic by AV Rotor

There are now biodegradable plastics. Coconut oil-based detergents are preferred. So with organic fertilizer over chemical fertilizer. Botanical pesticides leave little or no toxic residue.

• Reducing pollutants

Reduced emission of gases which combine with atmospheric water to form “acid rain”. Clear watershed and waterways from all forms of garbage. Prevent clogging and water-logging as these favor accumulation of wastes and increase the effects of pollution. More strict laws on oil spill.

• Practicing cleanliness and sanitation

Proper garbage disposal. Keep industrial wastes away from water sources. Implement a shanty-free estero program. Impose strict sanitation in public markets, and “talipapa”/ flea markets. Strictly implement anti-pollution laws in factories, homes and motor vehicles.

• Banning dangerous pollutants

Let's uphold the anti-nuclear constitutional provision to prevent radioactive fallout incident. Radioactive wastes must be disposed following international safety standards. Permanently ban the “Dirty Dozen” pesticides. Use only unleaded gasoline. Regulate use and disposal of mercury compounds.

• Planning our community

Residential and industrial zoning. Strictly implement building and housing policies of the National Housing Authority, DPWH, local governments, etc, Ecology village concept, Decongest urban centers and promote rural living.

• Educating the public

National Geographic and Nature-Life TV series, DENR media programs on environment, Kalikasan publications, DA and DOST programs on agro-ecology. Include ecology in the school curriculum on all levels. Ban ads of products which contribute to environmental degradation.

10. The flow of our rivers gets less, our lakes subside, and ground water sinks deeper, saltwater intrusion increase spoiling our farms, springs and wells, rivers, streams and ponds. Let us ward off saltwater intrusion by

• Preserving the mangrove forests

Mangroves are frontlines against tides and sea currents. They are natural riprap builders and they moderate the rate of flow and mixing of seawater and freshwater at the estuaries.

• Reforestation of mountains and watersheds

Flash floods are frequent where trees have been cut. Runoff water cuts river banks, makes waterways shallow and at the mouth of rivers mudflats are formed. With reduced flown of rivers, seawater intrudes island and underground. In many parts of the country, intrusion is noted in farms as far as 10 km inland.

• Preventing siltation and pirating of rivers

River banks must be protected with trees. Residential areas must kept away from river banks. Farming along rivers and around bodies of water must be controlled, specially if it contributes to erosion and siltation. Farm chemicals drain into rivers and lakes specially if it rains. Reclaiming and pirating beaches, estuaries, rivers and streams should be strictly prohibited. Major obstructions are illegally constructed fishponds, rest houses and shanties.

• Dredging waterways

Many of the rivers are heavily silted and dredging is necessary. This is specially true in and around big urban centers. Illegal dikes and structures must be removed and strict garbage disposal enforced.

• Regulating the drawing of underground water and the damming of rivers

Water rights regulate the rate of drawing water from the ground and rivers. However, this is not being implemented strictly. Too much withdrawal predisposes saltwater intrusion. Many wells and rivers in summer turn saline.

11. Modern technology has developed new ways of tapping and recycling freshwater by means of

• Towing icebergs,

Icebergs are towed hundreds of miles to countries in need of freshwater.

• Desalination of seawater,

Freshwater is produced from seawater through the principle of distillation. To reduce cost, solar energy has replaced conventional fuel. Israel adopts desalination for its agriculture.

• Cloud seeding and inducing rainfall

Rain-inducing compounds are used by airplanes to seed rain clouds. Technology has increased the efficiency of cloud seeding.

• Bottling spring and mineral water

Due to dwindling natural supply of safe freshwater, bottling spring and mineral water has become in the last twenty years a booming industry in large urban centers. A chilled 250-ml spring water sells at 15.oo php on university campuses in Manila.

• Re-processing used water.

Unlike the conventional filtration-aeration-chlorination process, used water is recycled for domestic use through a complex purification process in big cities.

12. Everybody should share in the common responsibility to use and conserve water wisely by means of

• Avoiding wasteful use of water

List down ways to save water. These include such simple means as repairing leaky faucets and pipes, to adopting a systematic program in household management.

• Impounding rain and surface water

Residents in small islands depend largely on rain. Their houses are equipped with special gutters and storage jars to trap and store rainwater.

• Maintaining ecological balance

List down all the ways to help preserve the environment to enhance the adequacy of freshwater supply from wells, rivers, springs, etc. Refer to the foregoing principles.~

El Niño indeed gives each and everyone of us ways by which we can minimize its impact on our lives and on our community. Above all it has a humbling effect on our technology - and our wasteful living. It is the great moderator. It is also the great reminder for us to be always prepared to face the vagaries of our climate, more so natural calamities. ~

Composite mural paintings of a tropical forest in acrylic by AV Rotor.  

Courtesy of San Vicente Pasalubong Center, San Vicente Ilocos Sur

*Briefing outline before the Senate Committee on Food and Agriculture 2009 

** Lesson on former Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid (People's School-on-Air)

with Ms Melly C Tenorio 738 DZRB AM Band, 8 to 9 Evening Class, Monday to Friday

 *WORLD WATER DAY, March 22, 2023:The theme of World Water Day 2023 is about "accelerating change to solve the water and sanitation crisis. Dysfunction throughout the water cycle undermines progress on all major global issues, from health to hunger, gender equality to jobs, education to industry, and disasters to peace." Internet

Part  2

Water Crisis  
The La Mesa Dam -  Heart of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa Water System 

Out of 101 million Filipinos, nine million rely on unimproved, unsafe and unsustainable water sources and 19 million lack access to improved sanitation. (Water.Org Internet)

Dr Abe V Rotor
Living with Nature - School on Blog [avrotor.blogspot.com]

From the Sierra Madre mountains a series of water reservoirs - Angat, Ipo, La Mesa - makes a picturesque from the air of a living artery of Nature's wondrous water cycle. Clouds form and condense into rain, funneled by their vast watersheds, and stored in man-made dams for the use of millions of residents in Metro Manila.

  

Profile of the Angat-Ipo-Lamesa water system. Angat Dam completed in 1967 is situated in Norzagaray, Bulacan. It has a total water storage capacity of 850 million cubic meters and supplies 81.4 percent of the total output of the system. Downstream 7.5 kilometers away is Ipo Dam completed in 1984 has a share of 12 percent. It diverts the water to La Mesa Dam, which contributes 3.4 percent.. It is here where water undergoes a series of treatment to make it potable before it is released to thousands of households in Metro Manila. La Mesa is the heart of this complex water system. 

Call it an engineering feat, an ideal profile of ecology, seat of rich biodiversity, source of inspiration of lovers and artists, an attraction to tourists. It's all of the above answer to queries about the complex because water, other than being basic to life, makes the living world awesome and beautiful. It is water that connects the land, air and sea, into a biosphere, the only known living planet in the whole universe.

The La Mesa dam complex gives respite from urban living, a feeling of freedom from skyscrapers and congested traffic, a change from cacophony of sounds to nature's music in the trees and on the lake shore.  Take a deep breath of the clean air, relax and believe in the power of silence and meditation. Take your family to the La Mesa Eco Park on a weekend. It's perfect for biking, hiking, rappelling, hook-and-line fishing, boating, and games of many kinds.There are scheduled educational and cultural shows. It provides in situ and hands-on study of Nature. It is a wildlife sanctuary, the only kind in Metro Manila and suburbs.

As practicum, I would take my students to the La Mesa Eco Park for a whole day field lecture and demonstration. There we would identify the best we can  plants, animals and other organisms of their common and scientific names and their taxonomic classification. We would bring along a microscope and study the plankton and other microorganisms that comprise the living minutiae of the lake and ponds, then photograph them magnified, a technique called photomicrography. 

There's another field of photography La Mesa Dam offers - Nature Photography. It is not only recording the things and events occurring in nature but capturing the ephemeral wonders of creation like a honeybee pollinating flowers,  Mimosa or makahiya drooping at the slightest touch, a skink darting across a footpath, a big carp suddenly appearing, and many happenings beyond our expectation.  Then there are things of human interests as we commune with nature.  Fishing with bamboo pole, kite flying, picking fruits, napping under a tree, watching birds in the trees and sky, camping under the stars, and many things we don't usually experience in city living. 

To the artist the park is a perfect place for on-the-spot painting, writing poetry and essays, composing songs and prayers. It offers a natural stage for drama with backdrop of trees, water, sky, in dynamic fashion and design which no stage or screen can truly copy. La Mesa is indeed  the heart and soul of a Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained," the essence of the genius John Milton's masterpieces of the same epic titles. 

  

La Mesa Dam is a 700-hectare water reservoir built to supply water to Metro Manila and its suburbs. It is part of a 2,000-hectare watershed located in Fairview, Quezon City, San Jose del Monte City in Bulacan and Rodriguez in Rizal. The reservoir is elevated at 100 meters above sea level.The La Mesa reservoir occupies 27 square kilometers and can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters of water. Greater Lagro and adjoining Fairview, both middle class hug the lower limits of the reservoir proper. The La Mesa Eco Park is situated along the spillway of the dam as indicated in this map.

But aerial view and imagery may be deceiving even on a clear day. The water system complex is facing serious problems today, some perilous at that. Authorities and scientists, in spite of protective measures and rehabilitation programs of the government, private sector and citizens, are not comfortable with the condition of the system, raising vital questions and expressing sentiments as to the sustainability of the system to keep up with the ever increasing demand of water, considering the following developments:

First, the watersheds of the three reservoirs are shrinking and thinning as a result of encroachment by illegal loggers and settlers, with kaingin or slash-and-burn planting rampant in certain places, in fact in the heart of the watersheds. The carrying capacity and longevity of the reservoir depends mainly on the integrity of its watershed. A controversial subdivision has been built inside La Mesa Dam.  The issue has not been resolved in spite of its clear violation to law.

Second, pollution coming from land, air and feeder streams is destroying the system and the health of people. Take the case of the Payatas Dumpsite, QC's version of Manila's Smokey Mountain. Because of the closeness of the open dump site, tons and tons of carbon and ash, poisonous and obnoxious gases, and leachate find their way into the reservoirs. A petition initiated by the QC government and residents has been filled with the Supreme Court to close Payatas landfill permanently. (PDI March 2015)

Third, Global Warming has reduced rainfall over the watershed complex in the last two decades or so, necessitating cloud seeding to augment receding water level. Other than depriving the needed rainfall, dry air sucks moisture from both reservoirs and watersheds predisposing the watershed to forest fire, more so during an El Niño year. .  

Fourth, the cyclical El Niño which now occurs on closer interval since industrial times, is causing the water level to plunge to critical level. Unfortunately Metro Manila is virtually dependent wholly on the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa system. Even underground water also falls to critical level during El Niño. By the way 2015 was a mild El Nino year.  We are in the midst of a major El Niño,  which is expected to extend  nationwide throughout 2020..

Fifth, The price of water in the Philippines is one of the highest in the world. Internet research showed that the minimum consumption per family of 6 in MM is 10 cubic meters per month. At P56.48 per cubic meter, monthly bill is P568.80. This is not all; there are other charges added amounting to P200, which then total to P768.80. Over and above this figure are proposed price adjustments. (Increased rates since 2015 are not included in this computation.) .

Historically from P4.97 in 1997 to P56.48 per cubic meter lately, the increase in charges is an exorbitant 1,036.69 percent. Water prices rose by 45 percent to 61 percent per year for 17 years. In addition, the government extended the water contracts to Maynilad and Manila Water by another 15 years. What went wrong?

Water privatization in Metro Manila began when President Fidel Ramos instructed the government in 1994 to solve what he called the water crisis in Manila by engaging with the private sector.

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How did Metro Manila water prices become so expensive and prohibitive? The answer: Monopoly pricing. Consumers have no choice but accept the rates. The other answer: Failure of governance. MWSS abetted and encouraged atrociously high water prices. Tony Lopez, Virtual Reality

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Sixth, Angat dam which supplies 81.4 percent of the total output of the system is structurally in danger (Angat Dam: Another tragedy in waiting - Boo Chanco, The Philippine Star, September 10, 2014)

Philvocs warned of a catastrophic disaster unless we move fast to reinforce the structural integrity of Angat Dam. To quote Dr Renato Solidum, Philvocs Executive Director, "Angat dam is an old dam and must be fortified as soon as possible. It is old and still sitting along the West Valley fault line.... A magnitude of 7.2 or an intensity 8 earthquake could spell disaster of unimaginable proportions."

As a background two super typhoons Emma (Welming1867) and Rita (Kading 1978) took the lives of several people and destroyed millions of pesos worth of properties as a result of sudden and uncoordinated release of flood water from the dam. We can imagine a worse scenario, as Philvocs warned, had the dam given way to the tremendous force. It reminds us of the movie Evan Almighty, a modern day Noah who was commanded by God to save the people from flood caused by the collapse of a poorly constructed dam. Unlike the bible which had a tragic ending the movie exposed corruption of some politicians.

La Mesa Dam has grown old through the years of faithful service. It is like a heart that is already tired and weak, exacerbated by the poor condition of the very system it is a part of and which it serves. Which too, has passed its prime. Time, incessant use. misuse and abuse have altogether taken their toll, and will be taking more to the brink of disaster. The system has long been diagnosed and the finding is clear with a stern warning.

In physiology the heart is forced to work harder as the system declines. while the body becomes idle, overweight, and indulgent to the Good Life characteristic of our postmodern times where affluence has virtually no end. Its demand far exceeds supply violating reciprocity which is governed by a simple rule: what is taken must be returned - the basis of the principle of sustainability. The bounty and beauty of nature must be preserved and conserved. This is the greatest heritage we can bequeath to our children and children's children.~   

The price of water in the Philippines is one of the highest in the world. 

Overlooking the La Mesa Lake

La Mesa Water Treatment  Plant

Located in Novaliches, Quezon City, La Mesa Dam was built in 1929. Water from the Novaliches Portal is conveyed through three open channels, namely La Mesa Treatment Plants 1 and 2, as well as the Balara Treatment Plant. Photos show normal water level, and excess water spilling over the dam and flows down the Tullahan River. 

The La Mesa Ecopark is famous for its natural beauty and terrain, a favorite spot for family picnic, educational and entertainment programs, hiking and and biking.  

La Mesa is home of this rare osprey (Pandion haliaetus). Now and then you may see this regal bird patrolling the lake. I have seen it a number of times closely flying over Lagro. In my research it is a large raptor, reaching more than 60 cm (24 in) in length and 180 cm (71 in) across its wings. It is brown on the upper parts and predominantly greyish on the head and underparts. It is also called fish eagle, sea hawk, river hawk, or fish hawk, a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey.

A tranquil pond below the spillway is an excellent fishing ground

 for enthusiasts. A biker negotiates a wooden bridge.

Only with the heart that one can see rightly.*

       On-the-spot Composition at the La Mesa Eco Park

                              by Dr Abe V Rotor 2012

How fleeting time through the generations passed,

The lake once full, Narcissus idly on its shore,

Waits the nymph Echo passionately in vain ‘til cast,

Hushing the trees, crying for Narcissus no more.

If love is blind and lovers cannot see, so with beauty;

In Song to Celia’s drink to me only with thine eyes

Makes one sober and blind, bathed in prodigious plenty;

The heart no longer spoken of the soul soon dies.

Tragedies from wastefulness and indifference tell us

Often late when the wrath of our own making

Strikes in our sleep and the young innocents. Aghast!

Listen, listen to the Four Horsemen thundering.

* “It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye.” – Antoine de Saint-Exupery, The Little Prince

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Advocacy and Citizens' Action

• Use water wisely, limit consumption.
• Plant trees, support the Greening Movement.
• Report illegal activities in the reservoir and watershed such as kaingin.
• Support the move to close permanently the Payatas landfill.
• Strongly recommend reduction of water bill through Congress, local government leaders, civic and church organizations.
• Reduce pollution, do not burn plastic. Plastic emits DIOXIN, the most poisonous man-made substance that can be carried by wind and rain.which may find its way to our water supply.
• For those near and around the watersheds of the system, make your backyard an "extension of the watershed," and a wildlife sanctuary, too.
• Strongly support the "Save the Angat Dam" before anything catastrophic happens.
• Love Nature, take time out from office school and work. Develop Reverence for life a personal philosophy.
• Enjoin the family, church, and community in ensuring every citizen the right for clean, available and affordable water, as embodied in the Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations.~ 


*This article is a reprint of the same title from this Blog, published in observance of the UN World Water Day March 22, 2016, This is an urgent call to conserve water as the levels of our dams are now at critical levels.
La Mesa Dam - Heart of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa Water System was published in Greater Lagro Gazette 2016. by AV Rotor
Presented as lesson on the former Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid 738 DZRB AM, 8 to 9 evening class, Monday to Friday with Ms Melly C Tenorio and Miss Grace Velasco. Visit avrotor.blogspot.com Living with Nature - School on Blog.

List of National Parks in the Philippines

In the Philippines, National Parks are places of natural or historical value designated for protection and sustainable utilization by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources under the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (1992).[1]

In 2012, there were 240 protected areas in the Philippines, of which 35 have been classified as National Parks.[2] By June 22, 2018, an additional 94 critical areas were designated as national parks, increasing the total national parks to 107, when President Rodrigo Duterte signed the E-NIPAS Act of 2018. (National Integrated Protected Areas System)

National Parks
World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site.

1. Aurora Memorial National Park 5,676.00 ha 1937 Aurora
2. Balbalasang–Balbalan National Park 1,338.00 ha 1972 Kalinga 

3. Bangan Hill National Park 13.90 ha 1995 Nueva Vizcaya 
4. Bataan National Park 23,688.00 ha 1945 Bataan 

5. Biak-na-Bato National Park 2,117.00 ha 1937 Bulacan 

6. Bulabog Putian National Park 854.33 ha s) 1961 Iloilo 
7. Caramoan National Park 347.00 ha 1938 Camarines Sur Luzon 
8. Cassamata Hill National Park 57.00 ha 1974 Abra 
9. Fuyot Springs National Park 819.00 ha 1938 Isabela 
10. Guadalupe Mabugnao Mainit Hot Spring National Park 

      57.50 ha  1972 Cebu 

11. Hundred Islands National Park 1,676.30 ha 1940 Pangasinan 

12. Kuapnit Balinsasayao National Park 364.00 ha  1937 Leyte 
13. Lake Butig National Park 68.00 ha Lanao del Sur 
14. Lake Dapao National (3,706.6 acres) 1965 Lanao del Sur Mindanao 15. Libmanan Caves National Park 19.40 ha 1934 Camarines Sur

16. Luneta National Park 58 ha 1955 Metro Manila 
17. MacArthur Landing Memorial National Park 6.78 ha 1977 Leyte 
18. Mado Hot Spring National Park 48.00 ha 1939 Cotabato 
19. Minalungao National Park 2,018.00 ha 1967 Nueva Ecija 
20. Mount Arayat National Park 3,715.23 ha 1933 Pampanga 

21. Mount Dajo National Park 213.35 ha 1938 Sulu 
22. Mount Data National Park 5,512.00 ha 1936 Benguet
23. Mounts Iglit–Baco National Park 75,455.00 ha 1969 Mindoro Occ 
24. Mount Pulag National Park 11,550.00 ha 1987 Benguet 

      Ifugao Nueva Vizcaya 
25. Naujan Lake National Park 21,655.00 ha 1956 Mindoro Oriental 

26. Northern Luzon Heroes Hill National Park 1,316.00 ha 1963 

      Ilocos Sur 
27. Olongapo Naval Base Perimeter National Park 9.04 ha 1968 Zambales 
28. Pagsanjan Gorge National Park 152.64 ha 1939 Laguna 
29. Pantuwaraya Lake National Park 20.00 ha 1965 Lanao del Sur 
30. Paoay Lake National Park 340.00 ha 1969 Ilocos Norte 

31. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park 

      22,202.00 ha 1999 Palawan
32. Quezon Memorial National Park 22.70 ha 1975 Metro Manila  
33. Rungkunan National Park undetermined 1965 Lanao del Sur 
34. Sacred Mountain National Park 94.00 ha 1965 Lanao del Sur 
35. Salikata National Park undetermined 1965 Lanao del Sur 

Part 3 - We are in the Midst of El Niño Phenomenon

                                               Dr Abe V Rotor

This is the longest El Niño episode, and it is getting worse. Amazon river through which 18 percent of the world's freshwater flows has the lowest water level the last 120 years. River dolphins are dying due to increased salinity and water temperature. Between July 2011 and mid-2012, severe drought affected the entire East African region. Said to be "the worst in 60 years", the drought caused a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya that threatened the livelihood of 9.5 million people.

El Niño Triggers Flowering of Plants  

Be aware of this indicator in your area

  

Profuse flowering of kapok (Ceiba pentandra) predicts extreme drought condition. Flowering of bamboo is another indication of El Niño, which comes in a cycle of 7 years, hence the biblical dream of the Pharaoh of Egypt which Joseph interpreted as 7 years of plenty, followed by 7 years of famine. For prediction the Pharaoh appointed Joseph governor of Egypt. He introduced the concept and practice of maintaining buffer stock, the mainstay of food security today.

"The chestnut has a flower!” My friend Dr. Sel Cabigan called, his words breaking out into the dry and warm morning air.

There I saw a single bud, the size and shape of a pencil, off-white, shy, peeping from under the tree’s palm shaped leaves, and bearing a glistening dewdrop. Frankly, it was the first time I had seen a chestnut, and flowering at that, on Philippine soil - and blooming at a very early age. Dr. Cabigan and I, who are both agriculturists, just stood beside the breast-high tree, silent as we pondered.

That year was an El Niño year,* El Niño starts on the equator west of Peru when warm water accumulates on the surface and sets the current to move down south along the edge of Peru, only to be blocked by the El Niño current moving up from the south pole. The standstill exacerbates warming, causing heavy precipitation in the region, depriving the other half of the globe of sufficient rainfall, and setting aberrations in climatic patterns in different parts of the world. This phenomenon - together its counterpart, La Niña (opposite pattern)- arises from geographic patterns of land masses. The Atlantic and Pacific oceans are blocked by the Isthmus of Panama down the tip of South America. It is only near the Antarctic where they exchange warm and cool water before flowing back to the equator. But for other reasons heretofore unknown, this "bridge" is blocked. This phenomenon occurs in cycle and each time it does, it is on Christmas eve, for which it got its name, Child Jesus.

This climatic phenomenon was approaching its main stage which spans two to three years, then comes back after seven years normal years. That’s why some people call it the seven-year itch, and science summed up the cycle into a ten-year period, with sub-cycles in between. 

El Niño is characterized by extreme dry and hot weather conditions, the rains coming late and very little, thus farmers fail to plant on time or harvest so little, sending the economy to its knees. It precipitated the declaration of Martial Law in the country in 1971 plagued by acute food shortage and widespread unrest. El Niño had another episode in the early eighties which caused a loss of billions of dollars worldwide. The nineties were equally bad, and now came the twenties which caused the highest deficit in rice production forcing the country to import rice, ten percent of its annual consumption, translated into one million metric tons.

El Niño triggers a number of botanical phenomena. The red Passiflora (Passiflora edulis) vine carpeting the Grotto in a garden at St. Paul University QC bore a full-grown fruit. Although it is a relative of the edible passion fruit, this species has sterile flowers, but stress must have stimulated the plant to produce fruit and ultimately seeds, a way of preserving the species. There was a rare species of Pandanus (Pandanus tinctorius)that produced curious fruits resembling breadfruit. I suppose that in the wild, the fruits split open upon maturity in order to disseminate the seeds. Animals feed on them and scatter the seeds in the process.

The climbing Derris (Derris elliptica) does not normally flower, but here it displayed a bouquet of bright pink flowers arranged like a huge lei. In many respects, the flowers resemble those of legume including madre de cacao (Gliricida sepium)  and katuray (Sesbania grandiflora). Derris is a legume that contains a toxic principle, rotenone, which makes it useful to farmers as natural insecticide.

One of the five rambutan seedlings now three years ago suddenly bloomed, indeed too young to reproduce. Just like any maiden flower, it did not develop into fruit. Neither did the flowers of the lone pili standing near the pond and the Chico. In the case of the two, being monoecious plants, their flowers settle only in the presence of a male counterpart. “But who knows, some busy bees can bring in the pollen from a far place?”  Sel said, short of betting for his hypothesis. There’s no doubt pollinators cross kilometers to deliver their goods, riding of wind and water, the nocturnal ones like moths and skippers navigate accurately in the night to reach their destination by dawn, and by morning the receptive female flowers get their prize.

To an observant eye and sensitive olfactory sense, the garden had a cinnamon whose flowers exude the characteristic condiment odor. Alagao, lagundi, dita, molave – and of course, ilang-ilang, make the morning air naturally scented. The only date palm then in this garden flowered for the first time, mocked by a much taller and older neighboring fishtail palm in having profuse flowers, littering the surrounding grounds. Mature nuts that fell to the ground germinated into numerous seedlings.

 Kalumpang blooms full in extreme dry summer, QC

Gardens at the onset of El Niño seemingly are in their best looking form, brandishing varied colors, not only of their flowers but leaves, young and old, and other parts. Let me cite the red palm (bright red leaf sheaths), bunga de Jolo (bright red ripe nuts in clusters), croton or San Francisco (variegated and multicolored leaves), bougainvillea (false flowers, actually specialized leaves, are white, red, pink, and shades of different combination). The talisay or umbrella tree demonstrates a classical example of deciduousness, its leaves turning to yellow, orange, red and purple before dropping to the ground.

Even the champagne palm, betel nut, McArthur palm respond to the dry spell with forced inflorescences. The shingle tree, relative of nangka and other relatives – the figs (Ficus spp) are abloom.

Pond plants respond to El Niño, especially on shallow area, dried mudflats and along the banks. Cattails (Typha) and papyrus bend to the weight of their flowers. Waterlies – Nynmphaea and Eichornia may appear to have more flowers than leaves. So with the lotus. There are many annual plants that are also full of flowers.

But the most classical of the El Niño phenomenon is the flowering of the bamboo. Yes, bamboos do bear flowers. Since it is a grass its inflorescence is similar to that of rice, corn and grass weeds. According to the old folks, and validated by science, a bamboo flowers only in hard times. Extreme drought triggers the plants to save its own species. As predicted by its flowering, surely the economic crisis is with us.

During the peak of El Niño in China, panda bears faced food shortage because the bamboos either remain dormant or die, so that supplemental feed coming from areas not affected by drought becomes necessary, otherwise, the bears starve and die, or migrate to other areas where they become vulnerable to various danger.

These are mainly indigenous, but how about the exotic ones which have yet to adjust to their new environment? Dr. Cabigan and I could not agree on what a tree was, claimed to have been brought from Rome by a religious sister. I said it is similar to that of a locquat, which I had seen in China. Some say it is fig, others, nut – like chestnut.

One morning, Dr. Cabigan called me again, this time to tell me that the mystery tree had flowered. Every morning we visited the buds to see if they had opened. One by one the buds shrank and fell to the ground, leaving a mystery to us. By its buds, we concluded it is neither Smyrna nor locquat. Both of us just told any inquirer it is a St. Agnes tree, the name of the religious sister who inrtroduced the plant.

Indeed, El Niño holds many mysteries, the botanical garden the arena of awe and respect to the One who make all these possible. More than anything in difficult times, the preparation for death is also a preparation for rebirth and resurrection. And this is what makes the garden truly beautiful.~
-----------------
*The definition of a strong El Niño. While an El Niño event occurs every three years on average, strong El Niño events typically occur every 6-10 years. The five strongest El Niño events since 1950 were in the winters of 1957-58, 1965-66, 1972-73, 1982-83 and 1997-98. ~

Part 4 - Harvesting Rainwater: The Art and Practice 

Water rationing has started in Metro Manila and nearby provinces.  Angat Dam which supplies more than 80 percent of Metro Manila is appropriating its supply to last through summer next year. Limited supply is exacerbated by the ongoing El Nino phenomenon. Let us save rainwater, it's a valuable resource which should not go to waste.    

 

A bountiful harvest of rainwater cuts down water bill; it is environment-friendly and a source of enjoyment.  At home, Lagro QC.

1. Join downspouts together to maximize harvest of rainwater in one place.
2. Keep roof, gutter and downspout regularly cleaned and declogged of any debris.   
3. Avoid using red lead paint, use epoxy paint instead, to avoid lead contaminant.  
4. Filter rainwater with fine screen or cloth before transferring to container.
5. Plastic containers are convenient but they serve only as temporary storage.
6. Wide mouth containers may cause accident. They are not designed as bath tubs.
7. Use water within five days, otherwise it breeds mosquitoes and other vermin. 
8. Clean and expose containers under the sun for an hour or two to disinfect. 
9. Invert and be ready for the next rain to come. Store only clean rainwater.      
10. Final storage is ideally a garden pond. It is multipurpose: fish culture, water for cleaning, watering and for use in case of fire. 

  

           Catfish and pako fish are raised in a garden pond.  It also 
               serves as a standby source of water in case of fire.  


A garden pond adds aesthetic beauty to the place, adds coolness and tranquility, cum a gentle sound of a fountain and running stream.

Part 5

A Shade of Noah’s Flood.

A Reminder of the havoc a flood may bring. 

Dr Abe V Rotor

Living with Nature School on Blog

Flash flood as I recalled it in this painting, acrylic in 2009 and again 

in late July of 2023. Down the slopes of the Cordillera mountain, flood

water cascades through the Banaoang Pass, and dovetails over the 

plains which included our town of San Vicente, near Vigan.  

The water kept on rising and Dad made another notch on the post of our stair.

It is the season of siyamsiyam we call in Ilocano nepnep, the phenomenal – or is it proverbial? – “nine-plus-nine days of continuous rainfall” which occurs usually in August, the rainiest month in the country and peak of the monsoon in the Asian region. But it had been raining much longer than that, and dad said it would last for forty days, citing the story in the bible about Noah’s Flood.

I was in the elementary but I was then strong enough to wade and retrieve our empty basi jars or burnay being swept away by the flood. Since there was no dry ground left I pulled the jars from the rushing current. It was not easy to restrain a jar partly filled with water so that you have to empty it as much as you can before you could pull it to safety. Dad and I barely understood each other at the top of our voices in the downpour and rumbling flood, but I knew he was telling me to let the jars go because of the extreme danger, pointing at the main current just across the house.

But I simply ignored him not realizing the danger until he pulled me, letting off the jars to roll with the current sometimes banging at one another. We never gave up though with whatever we could under the extreme situation. My brother Eugene was even more daring, overtaking the jars before they were swept to the street. Manang Veny kept a watchful eye on the jars in the cellar and under the sagumbi (kichen-granary).

When we were nearly exhausted Dad examined the water level he marked earlier. It was down two marks which meant the water was receding. Only then did we realize we had been working in danger, cold and hungry, for the whole morning. In the afternoon the jars came to a halt in the muddy sediment. The flood was over. I thought I saw a white dove flying above.

Where did the floodwater come from? Towards the east is the edge of the Cordillera range running parallel with the coast of South China Sea. Dad used to tell me that when he was like me then, it was verdant green, bluish in the morning mist and before dusk.

I realized how different it was on that day the floodwater came down. It is worse today. When the day is clear you can see the scars of erosion in roan and orange and ochre, breaking the monotony and giving it a somewhat romantic touch. But these are not good signs. In fact they are signs of destruction of the forest cover, the watershed of the narrow strip of flat land spreading out northward and spilling westward to the South China Sea. Along it is a chain of villages around towns wedged by the mountain and the sea. One can imagine the movement of water when it rains, and how ground water is trapped and stored to irrigate tobacco, vegetables and other summer crops.

But without trees, runoff water simply rushes down into flood, scouring on its way riverbanks, farms and houses. There is not enough time and foothold for rain to seep into the ground and feed the spring and aquifers. And there is not enough ground water to be drawn out from wells. Because water is scarce and too deep trees succumb in summer and brushfire often sweeps and consumes the dying vegetation.

Many years has passed since the Noah’s Flood of my childhood. I trained my tired aging eyes over the Cordillera of my childhood. It too, is now old, tired and worn.~

Lesson of former Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid (People's School-on-Air) with Ms Melly C Tenorio 738 DZRB AM Band, 8 to 9 evening class Monday to Friday (www.pbs.gov.ph)

Part 6

   Legacy of Old Faithful Bubon'  

Dr Abe V Rotor

 

Composite views of an 18th century well at San Vicente Botanical Garden,

San Vicente, Ilocos Sur 

Old Faithful Bubon' now a ruin, intermittently flooded in monsoon, damp and dry in summer, speaks of old days in Spanish time, Commonwealth era, World War II, fledging Republic - and now faces postmodernism's abandon and neglect;

Old Faithful Bubon', abode of toads and frogs, trapped in their search for water or mate, or simply fell in, croak in unison or alternate calls, inside and outside of the well, fill the night air with scary tales of old folks, or children's bedtime stories;

Old Faithful Bubon, abode of the silvery bulan-bulan fish, glistening in the sun and moonlight for which it got its name, feeding on algae and morsels that accidentally fall, a pet and indicator of freshness and safety of the water for potable use.

Old Faithful Bubon', source of water for drinking, for the kitchen and garden through generations, was once fitted with a bamboo lever-on-fulcrum (babatwagan Ilk), an indigenous version of the pulley-and-wheel, later replaced by bucket tied to a rope.

Old Faithful Bubon', a greenery of algae and mosses, epiphytes and annual plants, makes a unique garden, representing the phylogeny of the plant kingdom on the lower scale, offers a unique study of plant diversity and evolution in an isolated environment;

Old Faithful Bubon', seat of Darwinian evolution in microcosm; trapped organisms like shrimps, fish and protists, evolve independently, detached from their populations in the open, to become ultimately through time new species, a process called speciation.

Old Faithful Bubon', indicator of underground water volume and quality by its water level, clarity, smell and taste - fresh, clean and sweet as old folks would guarantee its potable use, even without undergoing water treatment we do today;

Old Faithful Bubon', setting of movies and stories, of hideouts and "bahay-bahayan" (housing game), fascinates old and young alike, in tales and fiction, like A Journey to the Center of the Earth, by Jules Verne, and prospective treasure-hunting stories;

Old Faithful Bubon', once its crystal-clear water reflected the blue sky, flying birds, and nearby tree tops, in a perfect scenery of a pristine landscape, with a young boy seated on its rim, looking downward, his face reflecting lofty dreams and thoughts deep and far beyond.

Old Faithful Bubon', three generations later, fell into obsolescence, losing aesthetics and function, replaced by modern water system; its water no longer potable due to pollution generated by industrialization, and affluent living;

Old Faithful Bubon', now a ruin, repository of fragments of history and technology, anecdotes and legends, ancestral socio-economics, now an attraction to tourists, among them an old pilgrim who once sat at its rim dreaming of the world on its water. ~

ANNEX - Kaliwa Dam, Sierra Madre
‘It gives life’: Philippine tribe fights to save a sacred river
from a dam

Keith Anthony S. Fabro

9 May 2023AsiaIndigenous Peoples and Conservation

Acknowledgement Source: Internet

Each year, members of the Dumagat-Remontado tribe gather at the Tinipak River to observe an Indigenous ritual to honor their supreme being and pray for healing and protection.

This year, the rite had an additional intention: to ward off an impending dam project they fear will inundate the site of the ritual.

The Kaliwa Dam, part of a program aimed at securing a clean water supply for the Manila metropolitan region, is already under construction and scheduled to go online in 2027.

The project has faced resistance from civil society groups as well as many of the Dumagat-Remontado, who say they fear it will cause both environmental and cultural damage.

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DARAITAN, Philippines — Members of the Indigenous Dumagat-Remontado, young and old alike, stood out against the greenery in their traditional red loincloth and tapis. On a scorching Good Friday morning, their brows were knit, their footsteps quiet yet firmly grounded, as they wound through the Tinipak River in the Philippines’ Sierra Madre Mountain Range.

After half an hour of trekking through a windy, rugged riverscape walled by verdant mountains, chirping birds and a rippling river heralded their arrival to a brook they consider sacred. It’s a site where medicinal herbs grow in abundance, and is believed by the Dumagat-Remontado to host spirits and have healing powers, curing a wide range of ailments.

“We have grown accustomed to entrusting to the river the supernatural healing of our sick children, siblings, and parents,” Indigenous leader Renato Ibañez, 48, told Mongabay. “We either bring them here to bathe them with its water or get them water for drinking when they cannot walk.”

During Holy Week in predominantly Catholic Philippines, members of the tribe from across Rizal and Quezon provinces on the island of Luzon traditionally gather here to honor their supreme being, Makijapat, and ancestors, and to pray for healing, blessings and protection. “In exchange for our loved ones’ healing, we offer whatever we can and have at our disposal,” Ibañez said. “For instance, we promise to visit this sacred space in the Tinipak River every Holy Week or every birthday of the cured person. When their health is restored, we return here to do the ritual.”

This year’s rite is no different, except this time it’s performed to ward off the impending China-backed Kaliwa Dam project, which the group fears will submerge this valley, ruining the collective memory and identity associated with the river as well alivelihoods it supports.

Renato Ibañez, a Dumagat-Remontado Indigenous leader, spoke to Mongabay about the importance of Tinipak River to his community. Image by Keith Anthony S. Fabro for Mongabay.

Resistance continues

The Kaliwa Dam is part of the New Centennial Water Source, a program pushed in 2019 by then-president Rodrigo Duterte and financed by a $211 million loan deal with China. The 63-meter-high (207-foot) concrete gravity dam, which will capture water and transport it through a diversion tunnel, is seen as a way to avert yet another water crisis in Metro Manila, home to 13 million people. Once operational in 2027, it will have the capacity to provide the capital region with an additional 600 million liters (159 million gallons) per day, according to proponent Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS).

The Stop Kaliwa Dam Network (SKDN), a national coalition of civil society organizations, has launched both a series of legal challenges and an online petition against the project, saying that it violates environmental laws and imperils upstream and downstream communities as well as the Sierra Madre’s biodiversity. The network says the dam risks damaging the habitat of 126 species, will submerge 291 hectares (719 acres) of forest, and endanger 100,000 residents downstream with the risk of massive flooding. Additionally, the SKDN says the dam will affect the ancestral forests where 5,000 Dumagat-Remontado live in the Sierra Madre, and submerge at least six sacred sites, including the Tinipak River.

The coalition has filed four cases against the project, both civil and criminal, all of which are currently either pending or have been dismissed on technicalities.

“The case of Kaliwa Dam is a manifestation of a deeply imperfect legal system that perpetuates the marginalization of Indigenous peoples,” said Leon Dulce, a campaigner with the Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center, an SKDN affiliate. “In spite of having a landmark Indigenous People’s Rights Act, its problematic implementation, and oftentimes conflict with contradicting land and natural resource laws, has made the legal challenges against the Kaliwa Dam an uphill struggle.”

 

The 63-meter-high (207-foot) concrete gravity Kaliwa Dam will capture water and transport it through a diversion tunnel to Metro Manila. Image courtesy of Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System.The Stop Kaliwa Dam Network says the dam risks damaging the habitat of 126 species, will submerge 291 hectares (719 acres) of forest, and endanger 100,000 residents downstream with the risk of massive flooding.

Dulce said the network has “pending petitions to review some of the unfavorable decisions we have faced in our legal actions and administrative complaints.”

“We continue to consider our legal options based on the evolving situation where development activities of Kaliwa Dam are persisting despite their lack of regulatory compliance and lack of meaningful action from public authorities,” he told Mongabay via instant message.

Duterte’s successor, Ferdinand Marcos Jr., has continued the project, despite stiff opposition from civil society, including the Indigenous Dumagat-Remontado. Three years after the project was approved by the Philippine environment department, the developers also gained the nod of the country’s Indigenous commission in September 2022. In December 2022, excavation began for a 22-kilometer (13.7-mile) tunnel outlet connecting the dam to the planned reservoir in the town of General Nakar.

In its environmental impact statement and information campaign, MWSS has vowed to observe environmental and Indigenous laws as it eyes project completion by 2026. As of March 31 this year, the project was 21% complete, MWSS project manager Ryan Anson told Mongabay via email. Activities completed, he said, include the detailed engineering design, temporary facilities at the outlet portal, and 353 m (1,158 ft) of tunnel excavation. Anson also said no work is being carried out so far on Indigenous land. “All project activities are within MWSS acquired properties that are outside ancestral domains and protected areas.”

Meanwhile, the project has since divided the Indigenous Dumagat-Remontado communities. According to the SKDN, at least 33 of 46 affected communities, including the “direct impact area” Daraitan, rejected the project during consultations; in videos produced by MWSS, pro-dam Indigenous leaders say only 46 households will be directly displaced by the project. In February 2023, MWSS turned over a one-time 160 million peso ($2.9 million) “disturbance fee” to Indigenous organizations who had consented to the project. This occurred as their protesting counterparts marched for nine days alongside other civil society groups from Quezon to the Malacañang Palace, the home of the president, in Manila.

Sociocultural importance

In their annual ritual on the Tinipak River, the Dumagat-Remontado participants reiterated their resistance to the project. Elders, known as gemot, began the ceremony with the narration of the site’s history and their personal experiences with its water, which they believe healed them from different illnesses and is responsible for their longevity.

Like the villagers present, Fely Cuerdo grew up drinking and bathing in the Tinipak’s water with her parents every Holy Week. “Even if I’m more than 60 years old, I’m still physically strong, and I feel that whenever I drink water from Tinipak, I become stronger,” she said, standing before an attentive crowd clad in traditional red clothing.

Once, she said, she was bedridden due to an unknown ailment and asked her son to fetch her water from Tinipak to wash her frail body. “I’ve been feeling well since then,” she said. “It is alive and gives life and I can attest to its healing power. That’s why I am ready to take a stand and defend this water source against whatever [projects] that will hinder or harm it.”

A torch with almaciga (Agathis philippinensis) resin was lit, alongside a variety of traditional coconut-based food placed on anahaw (Saribus rotundifolius) leaves. The silence filling the air made the bubbling brook more audible. An elderly woman then crouched down and uttered an offertory and supplication prayer to their supreme being, Makijapat.

After the prayer, two elderly men butchered a chicken and let its blood spilled into the river. Young men and women then picked up the offerings, and one by one brought them to a cracked boulder from which water gently springs forth. Each of them prayed in honor of the water, soil, trees and air — elements that have sustained their tribe since time immemorial.

“We’re doing this sacred ceremony to show the project proponent that they’re going to destroy not just our environment but our culture as well. We want to let people know how precious it is for us,” Ibañez said. “What they will ravage is not just our sacred river and cave, but our very source of water, forests, mountains, and livelihoods.”

Members of the Dumagat-Remontados Indigenous group gather each April at a spring along the Tinipak River for their annual ritual . Image by Keith Anthony S. Fabro for Mongabay.

Losing tourism, farmlands

The Tinipak River and other nature-based attractions found in the Dumagat-Remontado ancestral domain in Daraitan village aren’t just culturally significant, but also economically important for attracting throngs of tourists year round. Ibañez’s group calculates that tourism activities here employ 1,800 Dumagat-Remontado as tour guides, tricycle and boat operators, bridge watchers and campsite staff, and generate at least 50 million pesos ($904,000) in annual revenue for the community.

“We’re happy about it because visitors come and go all year round,” Ibañez said. The steady surge of tourists has transformed this once sleepy village, whose 6,000 inhabitants now enjoy access to power and communication lines, and improved roads and transportation modes, among other basic services. “No one can deny how much our [village of] Daraitan has improved and progressed because of tourism,” Ibañez said. “That’s why we are saying, they [the government] shouldn’t have developed our community if they are also planning to destroy it.”

The bustling tourism here has created a demand for agroforestry products, such as a variety of tropical fruits, vegetables, herbs and root crops that are grown here among native tree species. This allows the Dumagat-Remontado to practice their buhol magtanim and pasaeng rituals respectively before the planting season in May and after the harvesting season in November. During these ceremonies, the community gathers for several days to offer traditional food and showcase performances and games to honor Makijapat.

Owing to the region’s abundant water supply, Indigenous farming households like Marites Pauig’s are thriving. On her inherited 11-hectare (27-acre) agroforestry site, threatened tree species like almaciga and narra are interplanted with crops including ginger, calamansi, coconut, jackfruit, mango and banana, providing daily sustenance for her extended family even during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pauig, who leads other Indigenous women farmers in Daraitan, told Mongabay that her family harvests 2,000 pesos’ ($36) worth of organic eggplants a week.

She said she worries, however, that the dam project will exacerbate the effects of the climate crisis that has already caused her crops to stunt and rot even before harvest. “It will be difficult for us when the dam comes to inundate our farmlands,” said Pauig, in her late 40s, as she carried her toddler grandchild while chewing an areca nut that has turned her teeth reddish brown. “If that happens,” her watery eyes squinted, “we will not be able to plant and provide for our family.”

 

Dumagat-Remontados Indigenous people fear that construction and operation of the Kaliwa Dam project will negatively impact their agroforestry livelihoods that support their daily cash income needs. Image by Keith Anthony S. Fabro for Mongabay.

River tourism is a primary income-earner for Daraitan villagers, especially to the Dumagat-Remontados people who are employed in the local hospitality businesses. Image by Keith Anthony S. Fabro for Mongabay.

Human rights threats

Indigenous leaders say community members have been blocked from entering the reservoir location in Quezon province since construction began on an access road. This, they say, has limited their right to practice farming and hunting traditions during customarily allowed periods.

Indigenous leaders also report being “red-tagged” for their opposition to the dam, a pernicious practice by Philippine law enforcement agencies where those critical of state-backed projects are accused of being communists or terrorists. This often results in critics being physically and psychologically harassed, or worse, gunned down by unidentified assailants even in broad daylight. According to human rights watchdog Global Witness, the Philippines is among the deadliest countries in the world for land and environmental defenders, with fatal attacks disproportionately affecting Indigenous peoples. Between 2012 and 2021, the organization recorded 270 killings in the country, of which 114, or more than 40%, were Indigenous.

“Our fear as tribal leaders is getting killed as we’re red-tagged,” Ibañez said, recalling how he and another vocal leader were tailed by unidentified men while driving home a few years back. “They [state forces] can frame us by planting guns in our homes so they can incriminate us and make us appear ‘enemies of the state.’”

Bella Daz, however, said she remains undaunted, despite being accused of links insurgent groups multiple times since she began joining in 2015. Two years ago, she said, she was interrogated by military officials about her identity.

“They asked me if I’m affiliated with the communist terrorist groups and whether we get support from them. I told the officials, ‘Why would I confess to being a subversive when in fact I am really not?’” the 60-year-old woman said, gasping while negotiating the rocky riverbank leading to their sacred site. “You see, I’m having a hard time walking, and then they would call me an insurgent who runs around the mountains?”

Speaking animatedly before the ritual participants, the feisty leader placed her hand on her chest as she stood her ground: “If I would die, tell the public that I died as a hero who up to her final breath fought against Kaliwa Dam.”

Banner image: Located in the biodiverse Sierra Madre Mountain Range on the Philippines’ Luzon Island, Tinipak River is famous for its boulders and clean waters, and for serving as a vessel of Dumagat-Remontados’ cultural memory. Image by Keith Anthony S. Fabro for Mongabay.

Related story:

A Philippine tribe that defeated a dam prepares to fight its reincarnation